Newsgroup sci.environment 105287

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Todd O. wrote:
> 
> On Sun, 29 Sep 1996 19:42:07 -0700, Mike Vandeman 
> wrote:
> 
> > Todd O. wrote:
> >  There is a
> > > place near the southern most Condor Sanctuary in the Los Padres National
> > > Forest called "Bear Heaven."  It is completely off-limits to humans,
> > > including scientists.
> >
> > By regulation? Or by being difficult to reach? I am talking about the former.
> 
> I'm talking about both, which is more effective.  Prior to 1964, there
> were some trails leading into parts of Bear Heaven.  Some time between
> ten and 1972, a decision was made to allow those trails to fall into
> disrepair, get brushed in, and disappear as part of a conscious effort
> to keep humans out.
You just contradicted yourself again! First you say the area is closed to 
people by regulation (which you conveniently fail to quote), and then you
say it is actually due to the trails being overgrown. Make up your mind!
Please quote the regulation that makes the area off-limits to all humans,
or sto trying to flimflam us.
> So, you see, your supposedly revolutionary idea was already accomplished
> within a few hundred miles of your home a couple decades before you even
> though of it.
You still haven't proved that! Just like you still haven't responded to my
question about the lies you told before.
---
I am working on creating wildlife habitat that is off-limits to
humans ("pure habitat"). Want to help? (I spent the previous 8 years
fighting auto dependence and road construction.)
http://www.imaja.com/change/environment/mvarticles

Mike Vandeman wrote:
> 
> Mountain bikers will aparently go to any length, to continue their selfish
> pleasures, including trying to intimidate anyone who criticizes mountain
> biking. This example from Kansas University is just one of many such letters
> that you can expect to get if you say something that the bullies don't like:
> 
*drivel deleted*
Hey, Mike, all I know is, if you were crossing the street in front of my
speeding automobile, I would be more than willing to run you over like
the rodent you are.  I mean that with all my heart.
Love,
Pete

For more information about exciting wildlife orientated holidays in
tropical North Queensland go to:
http://www.internetnorth.com.au/travel88/tvlhome.htm
http://www,internetnorth.com.au/travel88/crrowong.htm
We specialise in wilderness travel and ecotourism all around the world,
and especially within Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The Wall Street Journal had an article this morning on a California 
policy that requires environmental regulators to keep only the test 
results that support the administrative decisions.  
One would hope that a public outcry would cause some rethinking of this 
policy.
snark

Dan Evens (dan.evens@hydro.on.ca) wrote:
: Consider the ancient frozen corpse found a few years ago in the Alps.
: His body had remained in a glacier for thousands of years. When this
: body first was deposited there, the weather was warm enough for him
: to think his fairly thin grass clothing was adequate.
  One wonders what Mr. Evens has been eating for lunch.  The corps in 
question was  wearing "grass clothing", although he did have straw 
in his boots for insulation.
  I wonder if Mr. Evens has considered why the man thought he needed to 
insulate his boots?  Could it be becaue it was cold on that glacier?  
Apparently so.
  A more interesting consideration that has seemed to escape Mr. Evens is 
that the body has been preserved.  Now I wonder how that happened?  I 
guess he froze to death and was covered by snow, and eventually ice.
  The reality does not appear to jibe well with Mr. Evens' view of 
events. And his expectations of a man in non-existant "grass clothing".
---
Why are conservatives universally ignorant?

charliew (charliew@hal-pc.org) wrote:
: >: I will speculate on this one.  Normally, when you boil 
: water, 
: >: there are very small pockets of air in the "pits" on the 
: >: inside surface of the water container.  These "pits" are 
: >: nucleation sites for boiling.  The water surface tension 
: is 
: >: strong enough to prevent the pits from being wetted by the 
: >: water.  It is apparent that a thin soap film reduced the 
: >: surface tension of the water enough to wet most or all of 
: >: these nucleation sites, somehow preventing boiling.  Thus, 
: >: the liquid in your container became superheated.  
Snip...
: Perhaps not.  However, if "normal" boiling is observed with a 
: very clean container, but boiling is suppressed with a 
: container which has a very small amount of surfactant in it, 
: there is a strong implication that the surfactant is 
: contributing to the problem.
Does this mean that in John's world, washing dishes makes
you criminally liable?
Josh Halpern: 

In article <3250FE36.6CE@patriot.net>,
Will Stewart   wrote:
>DaveHatunen wrote:
[...]
>> You're not gonna answer the question, are you?
>
>He told you upfront that he could only provide a few details as the
>product is not yet publicly announced.
Oh, yeah. Sure. That's right.
-- 
    ********** DAVE HATUNEN (hatunen@netcom.com) **********
    *               Daly City California                  *
    *   Between San Francisco and South San Francisco     *
    *******************************************************

Lloyd R. Parker wrote:
> 
> We (the scientific community) measured none after the Pinatubo eruption.
> We also know volcanoes emit Cl as HCl, and we know HCl is water-soluble,
> so it gets quickly washed out of the atmosphere (most of it by the steam
> emitted by the same volcano).
> 
>Then why did NOAA report an increase of HCl in the stratosphere by 10% after the 1982 
eruption of El Chichon.  They also reported that levels stayed above the expected 
levels for 3 years.  3 years in the small time frame in which we are talking about is 
not short (Roughly 40 years), so three years represents 7% of the time we are 
discussing.
> :
> : >
> Nope.  That's where the volcano's steam comes in.  It goes up along with
> the HCl, and dissolves the HCl.  Also, HCl as a general rule doesn't form
> Cl radicals (in a chemical reaction, you use Cl2, not HCl, to generate Cl
> radicals).
> 
>You say as a rule, but some of it will form Cl radicals.
> :
> : My understanding is that UV light will break down Cl2 gas into two free Chlorine
> : radicals, so the clorine could come from mutiple sources.
> 
> But there is no source of stratospheric Cl2.  We see the stratospheric Cl
> level matches the stratospheric CFC level AND the stratospheric F level,
> so we KNOW the Cl is coming from the CFCs.
>Then why elimintate Carbontetrachloride, Methylchloride, and HCFC's.  According to the 
Montreal Conventions these are known to damage the ozone, but if as you say the Cl and 
F, levels match the CFC levels then there is absolutly no evidence that these 
other chemicals are doing any damage to the ozone layer, according to your statement.
Dodge Boy

Lloyd R. Parker wrote:
> 
> The levels are low, but that's relative.  The level of everything in the
> stratosphere is low. 
>Let's compare apples and apples.  If you say a level is low you must be in reference to 
something, and you clearly stated chlorine levels were low in the stratosphere.  And I 
believe that you meant this in relation to other chemicals in the stratosphere.  
> And since the Cl radical is regenerated in the
> reaction, one Cl atom can destroy numerous ozone molecules.
>According to the EPA 100 Ozone molecules are destroyed by each chlorine radical.
>  For sources,
> try the FAQ.  Try Science, Nature, Chemical & Engineering News, and
> numerous meterology and geology journals.
>
>The bulk of the research into this was done by NOAA, and EPA.  I believe it is best to 
get first hand information, than second hand information that has been edited numerous 
times.  And I have quoted EPA and NOAA in numerous sources before. 
> 
> : > The scientific community and the Nobel Prize committee say otherwise.
> : >Acutualy the Nobel prize commitee awarded a prize for research, but they didn't do any
> : of the research.
> 
> Wrong.  A Nobel is awarded only when the scientific community is in
> agreement about the research, theory, and implications.
>Yes, they reviewed the information.  So their information is from the same source.  I 
myself like to have more than one source of information.  I understand that they used 
more than one source, but in a decision as important as this more information should 
have been collected.
> 
> : The scientific community is not in total agreement,
> 
> Bzzt.  Wrong.  Please read some scientific books or journals.
>I have read journals and there are members of the scientific community that do not 
agree, or appearently from your point of view these people are no longer members of the 
scientific community once they take up a position contrary to yours.
>
> : >And your side of the argument has just as many holes, and I'm willing to change my point
> : of view if you can fill them in, and state sources. I will try to do the same, on my
> : end, but I many cases this will this will be difficult on both sides. I think I have
> : some credibility, I have a degree in business, with a minor in Chemisty, and I work in
> : the auto industry.
> 
> Please do, but you must cite SCIENTIFIC journals or books.  You must
> explain why:
> 
> 1. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the CFC level there.
>That is strange as CFC's are not the only source of stratospheric chlorine, this would 
tend to indicate that CFC's are not as big a problem as you believe.  Considering that 
Methylchloride, Carbontetrachloride, and even HCFC's are a source of stratospheric 
chlorine that tend to prove you statment completely wrong.
> 
> 2. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the F level there.
>That also would be hard to believe as Methylchoride and Carbontetrachloride do not 
contain Flourine.
>
> 3. There was no increase in the Cl level in the stratosphere after Pinatubo.
>According to the EPA, NASA, NOAA, and Goddard there was.
>
> 4. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the usage of CFCs.
>Again CFC's are not the only source of Chlorine in the stratosphere.
>
> 5. The decrease in stratospheric ozone matches the Cl level there.
> 6. The decrease in stratospheric ozone mathes the F level there.
> 7. The decrease in stratospheric ozone matches the usage of CFCs.
>So what you are trying to say here is that Aerosols, Carbontetrachloride, and 
methylchloride could be put back in use, because the CFC levels match 100% the ozone 
depleation level.  Therefore only CFC's and nothing else is effecting the ozone layer.
>
> 8. We have seen the products of the Cl-O3 reaction, ClO, in the
>    stratosphere, at levels again matching the above.
>That is hard to believe because Chlorine Oxide is unstable, and UV ligh breaks it down 
into the free chlorine radical, and two Oxygen atoms combine to form O2.  So, ClO levels 
are almost no existent.  Also the Cl radical can react 100 times, before combining with 
another element, so if the numbers match, then the chemistry of what they think is 
happening needs to looked at again.
> 
> 9. The hole over Antarctica began in the 70s, just the 30-40 years needed
>    for CFCs to diffuse to the stratosphere after their first usage.
>No, that is when it was dicovered. 
>
> 10. The ozone depletion has gotten worse ever year.
> No it hasn't, 94 was up from 93. (Environment Canada)
>
> 11. The uv radiation at ground level has been increasing.
>Agreed
>
> 12. The Nobel Prize committee awarded Sherwood and Molina the Chemistry
>     prize for this work.
>Agreed
>
> 13. The leaders of the industrialized nations (including a Republican US
>     president) were convinced of this.
>What does the political affiliation have to do with anything, or are you impling that 
your position is based on political affliation as well as the information at hand.  If 
this is the case I suggest you expand you sources of information to politicaly neutral 
sources or at least get information from both points of view and make an informed 
opinion based of both sides of the argument.
>
> 14. The chemical companies, who first vehemently opposed this, came to
>     agree with it.
>The prospect of make money has a tendency to do that to companies.
>
> 15. The scientific community overwhelmingly supports this.
>Yes and at one time the scientific community supported blood letting to cure infection, 
but it didn't make them right.  What I'm saying is research the opposing opinion more 
they may have something of value to contribute to the solution.

Please refer to one of my other answers to Lloyd's post.
Dodge Boy

Please refer to one of my answers to Lloyd's other post. It address his 
concerns expressed here.
Dodge Boy

Pete Ruckelshaus  writes:
>Hey, Mike, all I know is, if you were crossing the street in front of my
>speeding automobile, I would be more than willing to run you over like
>the rodent you are.  I mean that with all my heart.
>Love,
>Pete
	I've been hit by a car --not attempted vehicular homicide, just a 
demonstration that there are lots of well and truly stupid people in the world.
And it sucks really, really badly.  That would be a very shitty way to die.
	People really _don't_ like this Mike guy.  It's a pity he's become 
such a joke.
	Paul Brieser

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Scott Nudds wrote:
>   One wonders what Mr. Evens has been eating for lunch.  The corps in
> question was  wearing "grass clothing", although he did have straw
> in his boots for insulation.
As usual, Nuddsy displays his arrogant ignorance.  Indeed, the
"iceman" was wearing grass clothing.  This included a hat and
cape or cloak made of reeds or thick grass.  Now he will demand
a reference which he can claim is not sufficient.
Nuddsy is endlessly amusing, a lot like a dog that has been
inbred for dwarfism.  Charge to the attack at every possible
stimulus, just like a Pekingese dog. 
> Why are conservatives universally ignorant?
Probably listen to Nuddsy.  Though, not being a
conservative, it would be difficult to say.
Why is Nuddsy so universally ignorant?
-- 
The preceding are my opinions alone and have nothing
whatever to do with my employer.  I don't even know what my
employer thinks. I'm not even real sure who the CEO is.
Dan Evens

On Sep 30, 1996 19:16:22 in article , '"Tim and Cheryl Day" ' wrote: 
>> > >Does anyone know the chemical that was added to aviation 
>> > >fuel a few years ago to solve the problem of black smoke 
>> > >coming from jet engines. I have heard that this chemical 
>> > >only  masks the pollution. Could it be a carcinogen itself? 
>> > > 
> 
>To answer the question, if that's not considered too outrageous, no 
>chemical was added.  As jet engine combustion chamber materials are 
>improved to withstand higher temperatures, they burn more of the fuel more
>completely.  Jet engine fuel is basically kerosene.  
On Sep 27, 1996 17:10:50 in article , 'Dodge Boy
' wrote: 
>> > >Does anyone know the chemical that was added to aviation 
>> > >fuel a few years ago to solve the problem of black smoke 
>> > >coming from jet engines. I have heard that this chemical 
>> > >only  masks the pollution. Could it be a carcinogen itself? 
>> > > 
> 
>To answer the question, if that's not considered too outrageous, no 
>chemical was added.  As jet engine combustion chamber materials are 
>improved to withstand higher temperatures, they burn more of the fuel more
>completely.  Jet engine fuel is basically kerosene.   
If that is true what is the film I see on my car that forms every few days.
I live near JFK Airport and I don't believe that these plane engines, 
some of which are 25 years old, are "improved." They certainly aren't 
improved as far as noise goes. 
I know jet fuel is kerosene. I still have been unable to find out how the 
percentage of high high sulfur kerosene fuel is used. Anybody know? 
Bill Mulcahy, SAFE 
http://pages.prodigy.com/NY/rockaway/safe.html 

In article <324F31B8.3FFD@pacbell.net>, Mike Vandeman
 wrote:
> Todd O. wrote:
> > What's the point of removing Alcatraz from all maps?  It is easily seen
> > with the naked eye from several large cities.  It is also right next to
> > a heavily used shipping lane.  All we could expect to accomplish by
> > removing it from maps are tanker spills and other shipping disasters.
> > What sort of environmentalist would advocate that?
> 
> It would be replaced with a blank spot marked "Terra Incognita", as I 
> said. That has meant "danger" to mariners since the beginning.
And history shows us that... they went there anyway, even if we forget the
fact that the people that called it "Terra Incognita" were the white
Europeans, not the people that actually lived in "Terra Incognita" all
along.
Your idea has nice altruistic touches, but as usual you are not talking
about solutions that can *ever* be expected to succeed in the real world
with real problems.
-- 
Athos
[Civility (n.) 1. the state of being civilized.             ]
[              2. good breeding; politeness; consideration. ]
[              3. a polite act or utterance.                ]

In article <324F337F.762@pacbell.net>, Mike Vandeman 
wrote:
> Todd O. wrote:
> > > I know of not one single area in the world that is exclusively for
wildlife.
> > > Do you???
> > 
> > I've answered this before, Mikey, but you keep ignoring it. 
> 
> I never saw it.
> 
>  There is a
> > place near the southern most Condor Sanctuary in the Los Padres National
> > Forest called "Bear Heaven."  It is completely off-limits to humans,
> > including scientists.
> 
> By regulation? Or by being difficult to reach? I am talking about the former.
> Sure, the inside of a vocano is off-limits, but not by the desire to leave it
> for wildlife, only because it is dangerous.
> 
>   There are no trails there, and it is on the side
> > of a steep, rugged, thickly vegetated mountain.  Because it is so hard
> > to reach, it isn't worthwhile for scientists or others to visit, so it
> > is likely to remain off-limits for the foreseeable future.
> 
> So it is not really off-limits, just hard to reach! You just contradicted
> yourself within the space of one paragraph. I am talking about areas that
> we have deliberately decided to leave to wildlife.
No. He categorically did no such thing. You simply used a very childish
semantic argument to twist his meaning. He said it's "off-limits" *and*
it's easy to enforce such a status because it is "so hard to reach."
Surely you can see that this sort of carping will never soften the blow of
your not being the *first* to create a wild habitat that is off-limits to
humans.
-- 
Athos
[Civility (n.) 1. the state of being civilized.             ]
[              2. good breeding; politeness; consideration. ]
[              3. a polite act or utterance.                ]

On Mon, 30 Sep 1996 21:48:23 GMT, hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
wrote:
>In article <32503227.1789001@news.idt.net>,
>>>All very fascinating. But what has this to do with Joe Sixpack's EV?
>>
>>A- Answer to your question abou the 350A breaker.
>>B- If you think EMI's have nothing to do with Joe's EV you know very
>>little about cars, and are simply wasting bandwidth.
>
>You're not gonna answer the question, are you?
I already did.  You just can't seem to figure out the answer.  At
least I assume I answered your question, but it's pretty hard to
figure out what the  hell you're looking for as an answer.  A one
liner does not a question make.
----------------------------------------------------------------
John Theofanopoulos  -  Electrical Engineer:Chrysler Corporation
  NS-EV  EPIC (Electric Powered Interurban Commuter)
                     jt45@chrysler.com      
                   johnth39@mail.idt.net
The views expressed above are mine and mine alone and do not 
represent the views of my employer nor are they endorsed or 
supported by said employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------

On Fri, 20 Sep 1996 14:39:59 GMT, hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
wrote:
>In article <51stgp$95q@ktk2.smartt.com>, David Wei  wrote:
>>In message  - hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
>>writes:
>
>Given that there are NO such flywheel systems in vehicular use except
>for a very few prototypes, I sure would like to see the data to support
>your statement that flywheels last at least 10 years and some are
>designed to last 30 years or more. 
To add to this, PNGV (Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicle) has
discarded the idea of a flywheel as they do not see it as being
available for their production goals of 2004.
----------------------------------------------------------------
John Theofanopoulos  -  Electrical Engineer:Chrysler Corporation
  NS-EV  EPIC (Electric Powered Interurban Commuter)
                     jt45@chrysler.com      
                   johnth39@mail.idt.net
The views expressed above are mine and mine alone and do not 
represent the views of my employer nor are they endorsed or 
supported by said employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------

Robert Horvatich  wrote:
>Will Stewart wrote:
>
>> Most of these are quoted without context, and many of these contain
>> responses that I have agreed with.  Of course, I am not against MTBing
>> in managed trails, or against driving completely.  We must all examine
>> those activities we choose to get our thrills for their impact on
>> sustainability considerations.
>
>I agree with you Will.  The only problem I have is that different people
>have different definitions of thrills and impact along with
>sustainability.  The managed trails where I ride have been around for a
>while.  Some take some serious bike traffic along with foot traffic as
>well.  In the past several years my observations have been such that I
>don't see the catastrophic effects Mike has implied.  His definitions
>are the ones the only apply to his little world but it trying to apply
>to the rest of the world.  The result is nothing but confusion and he
>makes himself look like a hypocrit in the mean time.
Just to add a little here: There are two places that I ride frequently 
near here, let's call them Birch Mt and Arcadia. Both are similar as far 
as difficulty and topography but have a huge difference in the make up of 
the soil. 
Birch Mt is frequented by Mountain Bikes, I almost never see hikers, 
motorcycles or anything else here. The trails are shot and a mess. 
Braided everywhere, erosion is rapidly creating gulleys where once there 
were trails. In the four years I have been riding there they have gotten 
a lot worse. Soil- mainly sand, and baby head rocks.
Arcadia is frequented by mountain bikers, hikers, motorcycles and horse 
back riders. I went there this past weekend right after heavy rain (I 
know I felt bad but I NEEDED to ride). The trails are in excellent 
condition. I have been riding there for 4 years now, they look no 
different today than when I first rode there. Soil - mixture of sand and 
clay.
I guess what I am trying to say here is that soil makes THE difference 
between a site that holds up to use and one that does not.
John

macgeek@earthlink.net (Andrew J. Paier) wrote:
>Robert Gordon  wrote:
>> Dale  wrote:
>> I haven't seen the evidence. I have no choice but to assume that each
>> different form of access has differing effects. I admit it is purely
>> intuitive on my part that the mountain bike's tires would seem to do more
>> damage than a pair of shoes. Perhaps an impartial party should perform
>> something closer to scientific analysis than my or your intuition. As a
>> mountain biker myself, I would like very much to hear that mtb has no
>> negative effect on the environment, but I would be skeptical  (as I am
>> when some tobacco company "self-proclaimed scientist" declares that there
>> is no evidence smoking causes any health problems).
>I thought the tire would be worse too, but then upon contemplation, it
>is very terrain dependent.  Along a flat dry trail I figure neither does
>much of anything unless there are sudden acc/de celleration for the bike
>such as curves.  Baring that, the weight is ~ the same, but the path cut
>by a hiker is wider (wider shoes/stance, people walking abrest is
>common, cycling abrest is not) so except for the turns, net push.  
I don't know if this is good or bad - bikers going in a purely linear
path (deep ruts) vs. people hiking two-abreast and distributing the
"wear and tear" a little bit.
>Steep Uphill- I give this one to the hiker for less impact, since the
>bike _may_ spin the rear tire, if that doesn't happen, another tie.
Ditto.
>Steep Downhill - Barring turns, this goes to the bike, which would use
>breaks to control speed and therfore have little impact on the hill,
>where as the hiker stepping down would cause mor impact.  
I'm not sure braking has little impact - unless great care is taken
not to lock the wheels (If the hill is steep enough, I can't imagine
not locking the wheels from time to time).
>Net effect on a circular path, uphill hiker better, down hill, cycle
>better. net push.
Don't know what you mean here.
>The way I see it, baring trail conditions, in general neither is
>anyworse/better.  Sure we will have arguments about the possible trail
>conditions (very wet, dessert, etc.) but those would have to be judged
>on a case by case basis no?  That is what I really want to see, use that
>is decided on evidence, not supposition.  Lets really _manage_ the
>dwindling wild area.
The only item (not mentioned here) is (possibly) the higher propensity
of hikers to meander off the trail. I don't know if bikers might not
do it also though. Another thing is that (in my humble opinion),
hikers seem generally more likely to throw down candy wrappers, soda
cans, smoldering cigarettes !!!!!!, etc.) - this is of course based on
my general observations and subjective opinion. I've never seen
someone smoking while they bike in my entire life. I've seen plenty of
hikers carrying lit cigarettes with them. What do they do with them
when they're finished. I wonder how many brush/forest fires are caused
by this. And this is the ultimate destructive impact on a wilderness
area.
>What do you think?  (This is all based on a mental exercise, no
>evidence)
I'm still leaning toward believing hiking does less damage.

Call for Papers - Deadline for Abstract Submittal is November 12
WINDPOWER 97
June 15-18, 1997
Renaissance Austin Hotel
Austin, Texas, USA
A Message from the Program Chair...
WINDPOWER 97 will be held in Austin, Texas, June 15 to 18.  The
conference will include an exhibition of wind energy industry
products and services; special events, including an opening
reception and annual awards banquet; as well as sessions, forums
and panels on the latest in technology and policy developments. 
Sessions will be comprised of speakers from around the world,
some invited and others selected on the basis of a submitted
abstract.  Abstracts for review are welcome on any topic related
to wind energy.  Specific topics to be included in the WINDPOWER
97 program are: 
Resource Assessment		
Aerodynamics
Models	
Hybrid Systems
Innovative Components
Testing	
Electrical Systems and Controls			
Utility Issues
Economics		
Finance and Business	
Environmental Issues
National Policy on Renewables				
Project Experience
If you are interested in presenting at WINDPOWER 97, I invite you
to submit an abstract based on your work in the industry.  I look
forward to your participation in this year's dynamic conference
program. 
Dr. Andrew Swift, Program Chair
Dean, College of Engineering
University of Texas at El Paso
Deadlines
Abstracts are due to AWEA on Tuesday, November 12, 1996, and
final papers are due at the conference.  For additional
information and an abstract submittal form, please contact Linda
Redmond at AWEA, (202) 383-2511 or . 

Archive-name: meteorology/storms-faq/part2
Posting-Frequency: monthly
FAQ:  HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES
--- PART II:  REAL-TIME INFORMATION, DATA, AND REFERENCES
By Christopher W. Landsea
NOAA Post-doctorate Researcher
NOAA AOML/Hurricane Research Division           
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Florida 33149     
landsea@aoml.noaa.gov
1 October, 1996
This is currently a two-part FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions report) that 
is in its tenth incarnation (version 1.10).  However, there may be some 
errors or discrepancies that have not yet been found.  If you do see an item 
that needs correction, please contact me directly.  Part I contains various 
definitions, answers for some specific questions, and information about the 
various tropical cyclone basins.  This section (Part II) provides sites that 
you can access both real-time information about tropical cyclones, what is 
available on-line for historical storms, as well as good books to read and 
various references for tropical cyclones.  Keep in mind that this FAQ is not 
considered a reviewed paper to reference.  Its main purpose is to provide 
quick answers for (naturally) frequently asked questions as well as to be a 
pointer to various sources of information.
Much of the on-line information is pulled from Ilana Stern's wonderful 
"Sources of Meteorological Data FAQ" and I acknowledge the time and effort
she has put in in originally compiling this information.  Also Gary Gray
has put together a very comprehensive listing of tropical cyclone Web
sites that I've included here with his permission.
OUTLINE
-------
REAL-TIME INFORMATION
1) Where can I get real-time advisories for tropical cyclones?
2) Where can I get real-time tropical weather analyses and forecast fields?
3) Where can I get real-time ship and buoy data?
4) Where can I get real-time sea surface temperature data?
5) Where can I get real-time satellite pictures?
6) Where can I get real-time radar data?
7) Where can I get real-time hurricane aircraft reconnaissance data?
8) Where can I get real-time tropical cyclone motion and intensity model 
   forecasts?
9) Where can I get tropical cyclone preparedness information?
10) What computer software is available for tracking tropical cyclones?
HISTORICAL INFORMATION
11) Where can I get historical data of tropical cyclones?
12) What journals have regular articles on tropical cyclones?
13) What books have been written about tropical cyclones?
14) What refereed articles were written during 1994 about tropical cyclones?
**************************************************************************
Subject:  1) Where can I get real-time advisories for tropical cyclones?
There are three good ways to get these.  Either telnet to a site and 
peruse the advisories you would like to see via a menu, have the advisories 
sent directly to you via email, or visit sites via the World Wide Web.
Option 1:  Telnet to a site
---------------------------
     The site that has a very comprehensive listing is the Weather 
Underground at University of Michigan.  Simply telnet to:
             downwind.sprl.umich.edu 3000  
     Make sure to include the '3000' at the end of the command.  From 
there you have a simple menu driven system to get to the USA National 
Hurricane Center, the USA Central Pacific Hurricane Center, and the
USA Joint Typhoon Warning Center products.
Option 2:  Advisories automatically sent to you
-----------------------------------------------
     WX-TROPL was created for people who want receive, as an email,
tropical bulletins originating from the US National Hurricane Center, the
Central Pacific Hurricane Center, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.  To 
get information as to how to sign up onto WX-TROPL, ftp to po.uiuc.edu and 
use anonymous FTP to retrieve the file WX-TALK.DOC from the directory
"wx-talk".  If you don't have ftp access, contact either Chris Novy
 or Charley Kline .
Option 3:  Get the advisories via surfing the Web
-------------------------------------------------
     The World Wide Web is a great source for real-time tropical cyclone 
advisories.  For brevity here are some reliable http sites (provided by
Gary Gray): 
        gopher://geograf1.sbs.ohio-state.edu:70/1/Tropical (good source)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (everything)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (most info available)
        http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/us/hurricane.html (full advisory list)
        http://lumahai.soest.hawaii.edu/Tropical_Weather/tropical.shtml (map)
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/graphics.html (new stuff... looks great)
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/products.html (all products)
        http://www.atms.unca.edu/%7Efarr/hurricane96.html (simple & excellent)
        http://www.ih2000.net/ira/bmt-wth.htm (strike probs & track maps)
        http://www.typhoon.org.hk/ (all basins)
        http://www.weather.brockport.edu/cgi-bin/hurricane (simple search)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  2) Where can I get real-time tropical weather analyses and
             forecast fields?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        gopher://geograf1.sbs.ohio-state.edu:70/1/Tropical (lots of info)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (most products)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (most info available)
        http://grads.iges.org/pix/trop.00hr.html (nice tropical graphics)
        http://lumahai.soest.hawaii.edu/Tropical_Weather/tropical.shtml 
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/products.html (most products)
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/products1.html (more great products)
        http://www.atms.unca.edu/%7Efarr/hurricane96.html (many products)
        http://www.flinet.com/%7reiter/ (links to tropical weather summary)
        http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/tropical.html (several products)
        http://www.nws.noaa.gov/Marine.htm (some unique maps)
        http://www.sims.net/links/hurricane.html (good set of info)
        http://www.utmb.edu/hurricane.html (basic info)
        http://ws321.uncc.edu/data/wxp/aviation/trop (excellent!)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  3) Where can I get real-time ship and buoy data?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (great source)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (good set of data)
        http://thunder.met.fsu.edu/~nws/buoy (great graphic buoy/cman source)
        http://www.bbsr.edu/weather (nice ship, bouy, and wave data)
        http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/tropical.html (Gulf & W Atlantic)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  4) Where can I get real-time sea surface temperature data?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        gopher://gopher.ssec.wisc.edu:70/19/mcidas.d/other.d/.molly.gif
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (several products)
        http://ssec.ssec.wisc.edu/data/sst/latest_sst.gif (global SST image)
        http://www.bbsr.edu/weather (decent AVHRR SST maps)
        http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/tropical.html (analysis & anomaly)
        http://www.nws.noaa.gov/Marine.htm (a few different "styles")
        http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/images.html (several good SST maps)
        http://www.seaspace.com/images/goes8.gif (global SST image)
        http://www.sims.net/links/hurricane.html (global SST image)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  5) Where can I get real-time satellite pictures?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        gopher://geograf1.sbs.ohio-state.edu:70/1/wxascii/gophergrafx/satpix
        http://oldthunder.ssec.wisc.edu/ (Chris Velden's site)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (many good pix)
        http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/sat_products.shtml (GOES 8 & 9, specials)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (a few good pix)
        http://clunix.cl.msu.edu:80/weather/ (lots of sat pix)
        http://grads.iges.org/listing/wx.html (nice GOES-8/9 full disk images)
        http://lumahai.soest.hawaii.edu/Tropical_Weather/tropical.shtml
        http://tuna@www.alw.nih.gov/weather.html (many pix have bad links)
        http://www.atms.unca.edu/%7Efarr/hurricane96.html (the basics)
        http://www.bbsr.edu/weather (Bermudocentric & other sat pix)
        http://www.dibbs.net/%7Ejadkins/storm.html (Atlantic)
        http://www.flinet.com/%7reiter (GOES-8 US & Atlantic & FL)
        http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/tropical.html (tropics)
        http://www.sims.net/links/hurricane.html (several decent sat pix)
        http://www.t-e.k12.pa.us/~dbaron/satellite/ (tons of sat pix)
        http://www.typhoon.org.hk/ (few pix, but all basins)
        http://www.cira.colostate.edu (GOES-8 & 9, and historical)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  6) Where can I get real-time radar data?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (nice source)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (full set of rad pix)
        http://tuna@www.alw.nih.gov/weather.html (Mid-Atlantic sites)
        http://www.atms.unca.edu/%7Efarr/hurricane96.html (decent selection)
        http://www.flinet.com/%7reiter (Miami radar)
        http://www.gulf.net/%7Egbamonte/min_wet.htm (Mobile, AL radar)
        http://www.ih2000.net/ira/bmt-wth.htm (coastal TX radar only)
        http://www.satchmo.com/nolavl/storm.html (New Orleans radar)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  7) Where can I get real-time hurricane aircraft reconnaissance
             data?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        gopher://geograf1.sbs.ohio-state.edu:70/1/Tropical (good recon lists)
        http://banzai.neosoft.com/citylink/blake/tropical.html (decent source)
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/products1.html (excellent site)
        http://ws321.uncc.edu/data/tropical (simple recon report grabber)
        http://www.funet.fi/pub/dx/text/utility/Hurricane (decoding info)
        http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/tropical.html (TCPOD & recon reports)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  8) Where can I get real-time tropical cyclone motion and 
             intensity model forecasts?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        http://www.fnoc.navy.mil/noraps.html ("normal" model, but good for TS)
        http://www.nws.noaa.gov/Marine.htm (not models, but some forecasts)
        http://www.meto.govt.uk/sec2/sec2cyclone/sec2cyclone.html(old storms)
        http://maine.maine.edu/~rlight51/weather.html (Gary. Gray's model)
        http://taylor.ems.psu.edu/~owens/weather.html (Gary. Gray's model)
        http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/z/u/zudark/www/earth.html
**************************************************************************
Subject:  9) Where can I get tropical cyclone preparedness information?
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        http://www.casualty.com/hcane.html (all the basic preparedness info)
        http://www.co.alachua.fl.us/%7Eacem/oemtest.html (Alachua Co., FL)
        http://www.fema.gov/fema/trop.html (FEMA)
        http://www.flinet.com/%7reiter (several links)
        http://www.gulf.net/%7Egbamonte/min_wet.htm (general preparedness)
        http://www.insiders.com/boca/flweathe.htm (basic preparedness info)
        http://www.oo.com/%7Efrank/disaster.html (disaster preparedness)
        http://www.pbpost.com/storm96/ (lots of preparedness info)
        http://www.sims.net/links/hurricane.html (great preparedness info)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  10) What computer software is available for tracking tropical 
              cyclones?
(Descriptions kindly provided by Tom Berg and via the authors.  Note that 
this does not constitute an endorsement of any product.)
1. HURRTRAK (Windows-based) --- shareware, semi-functional available on 
Compuserve in Aviation and Weather Channel forums. Also on AOL.  It is
also available through the WeatherNet:  
   http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/software.html
The company is                                       PC Weather Products
                                                     P.O. Box 72723
                                                     Marietta, GA  30007-2723
                                                     404-953-3506
                                                     800-605-2230
They offer a hobbyist edition and a regular edition.
The hobbyist is $68.50 and the professional $206.50.  They have Atlantic and
Pacific versions. The professional edition allows for county lines, roadways,
more detailed charts, and NHC forecasted positions.
2. STORM (DOS-based) ------ shareware, semi-functional available on AOL.
                                        The company is  Utopia Software
                                                        P.O. Box 420324
                                                        Houston,  TX  77242
They offer a regular and enhanced version.
The regular version is $25 and the enhanced is $50. What the enhanced offers
special is the ability to enter and plot the forecasted positions from the
NHC and to include offshore platforms or ships positions on the charts.
3. FORCE12 (Windows) ---- shareware, semi-functional available on Compuserve 
in Aviation and Weather Channel forums and AOL. 
                                     The company is  Epperson Computing
                                                     P.O. Box 1094
                                                     Baytown, TX  77522-1094
There is only one version. The price is $25.
4. MERLIN (DOS) ----- shareware, semi-functional available on Compuserve in
Aviation and Weather Channel forums.    The company is  T.M. Parker
                                                        P.O. Box 1431
                                                        La Porte,  TX  77572
There is only one version. Price is $29.
5. GCANES (DOS) ----- shareware, semi-functional available on Compuserve in
Aviation forum.                         The company is  Robert Terwilliger
                                                        2398 SW 22nd Ave.
                                                        Miami,  FL     33145
There is only one version. Price is $15.
6. HURRICANE FORECASTER (DOS) - shareware, semi-functional available on AOL.
                                   The company is  Craig Rorrer
                                                   3809 Iola Ct.
                                                   Virginia Beach, VA 23456
There is only one version. Price is $19.95.
7. HURRICANE TRACKER (Windows) -- shareware, semi-functional available on 
Compuserve forum Aviation.         The company is  Nicheware
                                                   P.O. Box 1312
                                                   Summerville,SC 29484-1312 
There is only one version. Price is $25.
8. HURRICANE WATCH! (Windows) --- shareware, semi-functional available on 
Compuserve forum Aviation and AOL.   The company is  SeaBorne Systems
                                                     414 Long Leaf Acres Dr.
                                                     Wilmington, NC  28405
There is only one version. I think the price is $49.
9. TRACKEYE (Windows) ----- shareware, semi-functional available on 
Compuserve forums Aviation and Weather Channel.    
                                  The company is  GenCode Technologies
                                                  7907 N. Rome Ave.
                                                  Tampa, FL   33604
There is only one version. Price is $19.95.
10. TRAKHUR (DOS) --- I only found it advertised in Weatherwise magazine.
                                     The company is  Bryan Lambeth, PE
                                                     Hurricane Research Srvc
                                                     P.O. Box 181032
                                                     Austin,  TX 78718
The version I have is TRAKHUR PRO. The regular price 
is $39.95, but the pro version was $59.95.
11. TRACKER (DOS) -- again, I found it through Weatherwise.
                                        The company is  OceanSoft Inc.
                                                        P.O. Box 1224
                                                        Largo,  FL  34649
As to the price, I don't remember exactly.
I think $69.95. But it also includes something unique called Mapper, this
allows you to build your own maps of any ocean and will show the map in
Mercator, Azimuthal, and spread types.
12. WINSTORM --- shareware, semi-functional available on Compuserve forum 
Aviation and AOL.                       The company is  Ingramation
                                                        2437 Bay Area Blvd.
                                                        Suite 349
                                                        Houston, TX   77058
13. MCHURRICANE -- a hurricane tracking program for the Macintosh,
posted on AOL, along with several shareware CDs.
                                        The company is  William I. Chenault
                                                        149 Country Club Rd
                                                        Shalimar, FL 32579
                                                        (904)-651-2276
The shareware fee is $25.
**************************************************************************
Subject:  11) Where can I get historical data of tropical cyclones?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE BEVEN REPORTS  ;-)
     For unofficial near-real time summaries of global tropical cyclone
activity, Jack Beven of the USA National Hurricane Center/Tropical
Prediction Center produces these on a weekly basis and has done so for
over three years.  Text copies of past weekly summaries can be retrieved 
via ftp from squall.met.fsu.edu. They can be found in the directory 
pub/jack.  If you'd like to obtain these near-real time summaries
directly, simply email Jack at:  jbeven@delphi.com and ask him to start
sending you the summaries.  Note however that these are already posted
on sci.geo.meteorology and WX-TALK.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
FREE DATA
   ftp downdry.atmos.colostate.edu  	[129.82.107.154]
Atlantic basin tropical storm and hurricane best track data, 1886-1995.
Every 6 hour intensity and position information (files ending .atl).  
Also, Northeast/North-central Pacific tropical storm and hurricane data 
(1949-1995) (files ending .epc).
Provided by landsea@aoml.noaa.gov (Chris Landsea).
    http://thunder.atms.purdue.edu/hurricane.html
This best track information for the Atlantic has provided in seperate
images for each years by some people at Purdue University.  The tracks for 
the individual years have been provided in a color coded (for intensity) 
format.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOT-FREE DATA
   World Weather Disc ($295):
Monthly temp, precip, pressure, sunshine data for about 2000 world 
stations for period of record.  Daily weather data at hundreds of US 
stations.  Data for some stations on temp, precip, freeze, drought, soil 
moisture, wind, storms.  Frequency and movement of tropical cyclones.
  Contact:  Cliff Mass, Dept. of Atmos. Sci. (AK40), University of 
Washington, Seattle, WA  98195, USA.  206/685-0910.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Tropical and Extratropical Cyclone Climatic Atlas (GTECCA) ($100):
  This CD-ROM contains all global historic tropical storm track data 
available for five tropical storm basins.  Periods of record varies for 
each basin, with the beginning as early as the 1870s and with 1992 at the 
latest year.  Northern hemispheric extratropical storm track data will be 
included from 1965 to 1992.  Tropical track data includes time, position, 
storm stage (maximum wind, central pressure when available).  The user can
display tracks, track data for any basin or user-selected geographic area,
or tracks passing within a user-defined radius of any point.  Narratives 
for all tropical storms for the 1980-1992 period will be included as well 
as basin-wide tropical storm climatological statistics.  
  Contact:  National Climatic Data Center, Federal Building, Asheville, 
NC 28801, USA.  704/271-4800, email orders@ncdc.noaa.gov.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Web Site Historical Data:
(Provided by Gary Gray.)
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/tropical.html (1995 storm map)
        http://grads.iges.org/pix/allhurr.html (1995 track info)
        http://lumahai.soest.hawaii.edu/Tropical_Weather/tropical.shtml 
        http://meridian.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html (Allison & Erin sat pix)
        http://nhc-hp6.nhc.noaa.gov/pasthur.html (archive data)
        http://thunder.atms.purdue.edu/hurricane.html (past tracks)
        http://vortex.plymouth.edu/home.html (some nice past sat pix/loops)
        http://www.aer.com/hurricane/hurricanes_95.html (great 1995 sat pix)
        http://www.bbsr.edu/weather (nice 1995 sat pix)
        http://www.fema.gov/fema/trop.html (some 1995 storm archives)
        http://www.flinet.com/%7reiter (links to much past data)
        http://www.gulf.net/%7Egbamonte/min_wet.htm (Erin & Opal stories)
        http://www.insiders.com/boca/flweathe.htm (brief Andrew/Gordon info)
        http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/ols-app-hurr.html (a few old sat pix)
        http://www.pbpost.com/storm96/ (excellent 1995 overview)
        http://www.satchmo.com/nolavl/storm.html (LA storm archives)
        http://www.sims.net/links/hurricane.html (1995 storm archive)
        http://www.terrapin.com/hurricane/Plotter (1995 plots... needs Java)
        http://www.vas-das.com/ (TONS of GOES-8 images... not just tropical)
**************************************************************************
Subject:  12) What journals have regular articles on tropical cyclones?
     The American Meteorological Society publishes the _Monthly Weather
Review_ which has annual summaries of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones,
Atlantic basin tropical disturbances, and Northeast Pacific (east of 140W)
basin tropical cyclones.  These summaries have a substantial amount of
data and analysis of the storms.
     _Weatherwise_ prints annual summaries of both the Atlantic and 
Northeast Pacific basins which are less technical that the _Monthly 
Weather Review_ articles, but come out months earlier.
     For just the tropical cyclones of the Southeast Indian/Australia and
the Australia/Southwest Pacific basins, the _Australia Meteorological
Magazine_ has a very thorough annual summary.
     The Indian journal _Mausam_ carries an annual summary of tropical 
cyclone activity over the North Indian Ocean.
     _Mariner's Weather Log_ has articles from all of the global basins
in annual summaries.  These are descriptive and non-technical.
**************************************************************************
Subject:  13) What books have been written about tropical cyclones?
************************
BEST NON-TECHNICAL BOOK:  _The Hurricane_
************************
     For a excellent introductory text into hurricanes (and tropical 
cyclones in general), this book by R.A. Pielke provides the basics on
the physical mechanisms of hurricanes without getting into any
mathematical rigor.  This first version is just 100 pages of text with
another 120 pages devoted toward all of the tracks of Atlantic hurricanes
from 1871-1989.  Roger A. Pielke is a professor of Atmospheric Science
at Colorado State University (USA).  The book's 1990 edition is available 
through Routledge Publishing, New York.  (An updated version of this
book should be forthcoming in 1996.)
********************
BEST TECHNICAL BOOK:  _Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones_
********************
     This is the revised version of _A Global View of Tropical Cyclones_ and
is the most current, detailed book available on the subject.  This book
provides the state of the science as of 1994.  Improvements over the 
previous version include a chapter on the ocean response to tropical 
cyclones.  This paperback book is written in 1995 by G.R. Foley, H.E. 
Willoughby, J.L. McBride, R.L. Elsberry, I. Ginis, and L. Chen with Elsberry 
serving as Editor and is available from the World Meterological Organization 
as Report No. TCP-38.  Their address is:
     World Meteorological Organization
     Publications Sales Unit
     Case Postale 2300
     CH-1211 Geneva 2
     Switzerland
************************
BEST FORECASTING MANUAL:  _Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting_
************************
     For the tropical cyclone forecaster and also of general interest for
anyone in the field and those with a non-technical interest in the field,
the loose-leaf book - _Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting_ (1993)
by G.J. Holland (ed.), World Meteorological Organization, WMO/TD-No. 560, 
Report No. TCP-31 is a must get.  (See above for address of the WMO.)
**********************
OTHER BOOKS AVAILABLE:
**********************
______Atlantic Hurricanes_______
     A classic book describing tropical cyclones primarily of the Atlantic
basin, but also covering the physical understanding of tropical cyclone
genesis, motion, and intensity change at the time is _Atlantic Hurricanes_
by Gordon E. Dunn and Banner I. Miller.  Written in 1960, published by the
Louisiana State Press, this book gives provides good insight into the
knowledge of tropical cyclones as of the late 1950s.  It is interesting
to observe that much of what we know was well understood at this pre-
satellite era.  Gordon E. Dunn was the Director of the U.S. National
Hurricane Center and Banner I. Miller was a research meteorologist also
at the National Hurricane Center.
________Hurricanes, Their Nature and History______
     Before Dunn and Miller's book, Ivan Ray Tannehill came out with
an authoritative reference on the history, structure, climatology, 
historical tracks, and forecasting techniques of Atlantic hurricanes
as was known by the mid-1930s.  This is one of the first compilations
of yearly tracks of Atlantic storms - he provides tracks of memorable
tropical cyclones all the way back to the 1700s and shows all the
storm tracks yearly from 1901 onward.  The first edition came out in 1938 
and the book went through at least nine editions (my book was published 
in 1956).  Mr. Tannehill was engaged as a hurricane forecasts for over
20 years and also lead the Division of Synoptic Reports and Forecasts of 
the U.S. Weather Bureau.  Princeton University Press, 308 pp (in 1956
version).
________A Global View of Tropical Cyclones_______
     A very thorough book dealing with the technical issues of tropical 
cyclones for the state of the science in the mid-1980s:  _A Global View of 
Tropical Cyclones_ (1987) by Elsberry, Holland, Frank, Jarrell, and 
Southern;  University of Chicago Press, 195 pp.  A revised version of this 
book has recently become available, see _Global Perspectives on Tropical 
Cyclones_ below.
________Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1992_______
     Researchers and those who follow Atlantic hurricanes should all have
a copy of the atlas:  _Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 
1871-1992_, by C.J. Neumann, B.R. Jarvinen, C.J. McAdie, J.D. Elms;
Asheville, NC, (1993), Prepared by the National Climatic Data Center, 
Asheville, NC, in cooperation with the National Hurricane Center, Coral 
Gables, FL, 193 pp.
________Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871-1993, 
        An Historical Survey_________ 
     A recent book providing a historical perspective of Florida Hurricanes 
is _Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871-1993, An Historical Survey_, 
F. Doehring, I.W. Duedall, and J.M. Williams, (1994), Tp-71, Florida Sea 
Grant College Program, Gainesville, Florida, USA, 118 pp.
________Cyclone Tracy, Picking up the Pieces_______
     Twenty years after Cyclone Tracy, this book recreates, by interviews 
with survivors, the events during and after the cyclone that nearly 
destroyed Darwin, Australia:  _Cyclone Tracy, Picking up the pieces_, B. 
Bunbury, (1994), Fremantle Arts Centre Press, South Fremantle, Australia, 
148 pp.
**************************************************************************
Subject:  14) What refereed articles were written during 1994 about 
              tropical cyclones?
At the ftp site:
   ftp downdry.atmos.colostate.edu  	[129.82.107.154]
The file, TCpubs.1994, contains all known refereed publications concerning
tropical cyclones that were in journals around the world with a print date 
of 1994. 
Maintained by landsea@aoml.noaa.gov (Chris Landsea).
**************************************************************************
Best regards,
Chris
*****************************************************************************
Chris Landsea                                   
NOAA Post-Doctorate Fellow in Climate and Global Change
NOAA AOML/Hurricane Research Division           Voice:  (305) 361-4357
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway                      Fax:    (305) 361-4402
Miami, Florida 33149                 Internet:   landsea@aoml.noaa.gov
*****************************************************************************
"The sickle wings of the night hawks began the long beat southward in their 
 fall migration.  In their skyey courses they may have been the first to feel
 that vast shape of air spinning up from the equator along the line of the
 Bahamas.  The word reached Miami on the morning of Friday, September 17 
 [1926], that a hurricane moved there somewhere...Old-timers, remembering
 hurricanes, felt their skins prickle and began to board up...Most people knew 
 nothing of hurricanes at all...[The storm] moved directly on Miami.
         Late that night, in absolute darkness, it hit, with the far shrieking
 scream, the queer rumbling of a vast and irresistible freight train.
         The wind instruments blew away at a hundred twenty-five miles.  The
 leaves went, branches, the bark off the trees.  In the slashing assault people
 found their roofs had blown off, unheard in the tumult.  The water of the bay 
 was lifted and blown inland, in streaming sheets of salt, with boats..., 
 coconuts, debris of all sorts, up on the highest ridge of the mainland...
         At eight o'clock next morning the gray light lifted.  The roaring
 stopped.  There was no wind.  Blue sky stood overhead.  People opened their
 doors and ran, still a little dazed, into the ruined streets...Only a few
 remembered or had ever heard that in the center of a spinning hurricane there 
 is that bright deathly stillness.
         It passed.  The light darkened.  The high shrieking came from the other
 direction as the opposite whirling thickness of the cyclonic cone moved on over
 the darkened city."
  - _The Everglades:  River of Grass_  - Marjory Stoneman Douglas - 1947 

On Tue, 01 Oct 1996 07:19:18 -0400, Will Stewart
 wrote:
>DaveHatunen wrote:
>> 
>He told you upfront that he could only provide a few details as the
>product is not yet publicly announced.
>Member American Solar Energy Society
>Member Electrical Vehical Association of America
>"The truth will set you free:  - J.C.
Thanks for the message Will.  I thought that perhaps my grasp of the
english language had escaped me and that was why Dave had such a
problem understanding me.  If I remember though, I did give him the
necessary info (company name and such) if he was interested, so that
he could do his own research.
take care.
----------------------------------------------------------------
John Theofanopoulos  -  Electrical Engineer:Chrysler Corporation
  NS-EV  EPIC (Electric Powered Interurban Commuter)
                     jt45@chrysler.com      
                   johnth39@mail.idt.net
The views expressed above are mine and mine alone and do not 
represent the views of my employer nor are they endorsed or 
supported by said employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------

Scott Nudds wrote:
> 
> Eric Anderson (eric@as.arizona.edu) wrote:
> : Use whatever figure you want, the best I've heard is that global
> : temperatures have increased by *one* degree (Celsius, I presume) in the
> : last century.
> 
>   You "presume"?
Oh my God!  I have presumed that the scientific community uses the
Centigrade scale.  Forgive me, Father, for I have sinned!
> You don't know what the measured temperature rise is?
Gee, others here, on your side, have accepted the one degree Celsius
figure.  We seem to be simply arguing about its cause.  Can you tell me
what the *real* temperature rise is and cite references (note plurality)
that the scientific community is in agreement upon your figure?
>   It may be that Eric Anderson does not know, as Eric Anderson does not
> know what the observed temperature increase is.  Fortunately there are
> many people who are actually experts in the field, who not only know what
> the measured temperature increase is but have a good grasp of physics
> behind why increasing CO2 levels are increasing the temperature.
Actually, I do have a good grasp of the physics involved.  I also know
that there is a lot more to it than simply increasing temperatures. 
Such as the effect of increasing evaporation and cloud formation, which
work to counter some of the warming effects.  I also understand that the
physics involved (chaos theory) is well beyond our ability to predict
with any degree of accuracy.  Just as the models are showing us.
>   Eric Anderson is best advised to avoid flaunting his ignorance further
> and either learn about the subject he wishes to talk about or keep is
> uninformed opinions and statements of personal faith to himself.
Okay, I've had it, a--hole! [Yes, you've reduced me to name calling.]
USENET IS *NOT* A FORUM FOR ONLY *EXPERTS*.  Usenet is a forum for the
*people*.
A forum for *all* opinions (however you perceive them) and (dare I say)
beliefs.  You seem to be of the belief that only those who have
intensely studied the issue are allowed to rant about it here.  Not so. 
It is the opinions of those such as yourself that are driving the
politics behind the continuing global scare tactics.
People have promoted global scare tactics ever since we've known about
the globe.  I can hardly wait to see what the issue will be in 20
years.  Atmospheric dissapation is my guess. (And, of course, it will be
caused by the nasty chemicals that we have come up with to replace
freon.  That or the increasing ionization of the atmosphere due to the
use of electric vehicles.)  Doesn't matter, your kind will always be
around.  And, just maybe, I will admit that extreme views are always
needed in order to create a balance.  For, no, I don't believe it
prudent to leave the "pave-the-earthers" unchallenged either.
Eric J. Anderson
eric@as.arizona.edu

John Isch wrote:
> I guess what I am trying to say here is that soil makes THE difference
> between a site that holds up to use and one that does not.
I agree with you.  This describes the uniqueness of each area we ride.
This also describes how one crackpot making sweeping general opinions as
if they were facts is about as useless as tits on a bull.  To say that
mountain bike can cause erosion therefore must be banned from all trails
in nonsense.  Mike sees it fit to hike on the local trails in his area.
I also see fit to ride my bike on the local trails in my area.  The
wilderness smokescreen does not apply here as this is not wilderness.
You do have a point, the ground does need to be able to handle the
traffic.  If not, there should be more attention to trail routing, water
bars, and trail maintenance.  If this still doesn't work, there
shouldn't be a trail there, period, for anybody, biking or hiking.
I think this is something that most reasonable people be it biker or
hiker can agree with.  
Rob  
-- 
email:                           |"You can't take life too seriously,
rhorvati@ae0119.pd8.ford.com     | you don't get out alive." Buggs Bunny

Dodge Boy (DodgeBoy@howellautomotive.com) wrote:
: > 
: >Then why did NOAA report an increase of HCl in the stratosphere by 10% after the 1982 
: eruption of El Chichon.  They also reported that levels stayed above the expected 
: levels for 3 years.  3 years in the small time frame in which we are talking about is 
: not short (Roughly 40 years), so three years represents 7% of the time we are 
: discussing.
They reported a slight increase, smaller by orders of magnitude than the 
amount of Cl put into the atmosphere from artificial sources.  This has 
been addressed in sections of the ozone FAQ posted here.
: > But there is no source of stratospheric Cl2.  We see the stratospheric Cl
: > level matches the stratospheric CFC level AND the stratospheric F level,
: > so we KNOW the Cl is coming from the CFCs.
: >Then why elimintate Carbontetrachloride, Methylchloride, and HCFC's.  According to the 
: Montreal Conventions these are known to damage the ozone, but if as you say the Cl and 
: F, levels match the CFC levels then there is absolutly no evidence that these 
: other chemicals are doing any damage to the ozone layer, according to your statement.
Lying won't help your case.  I've never said other Cl-containing 
compounds don't damage the ozone layer.  I've said CFCs are right now the 
primary cause of ozone depletion.  We haven't been using the others long 
enough for them to have diffused up to the stratosphere in significant 
quantities.

Dodge Boy (DodgeBoy@howellautomotive.com) wrote:
: >
: >The bulk of the research into this was done by NOAA, and EPA.  I believe it is best to 
: get first hand information, than second hand information that has been edited numerous 
: times.  And I have quoted EPA and NOAA in numerous sources before. 
You've quoted NO scientific journals, and you haven't provided CITATIONS 
for anything.
: > Bzzt.  Wrong.  Please read some scientific books or journals.
: >I have read journals and there are members of the scientific community that do not 
: agree, or appearently from your point of view these people are no longer members of the 
: scientific community once they take up a position contrary to yours.
: >
Yeah, there are crackpots calling themselves scientists who claim the 
world is 4000 years old, evolution is wrong, etc.  Just because 1 or 2 
nuts hold contrary views does not mean they are right or have anything to 
contribute.  Look at what the scientific community accepts.
: > 1. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the CFC level there.
: >That is strange as CFC's are not the only source of stratospheric chlorine, this would 
: tend to indicate that CFC's are not as big a problem as you believe.  Considering that 
: Methylchloride, Carbontetrachloride, and even HCFC's are a source of stratospheric 
: chlorine that tend to prove you statment completely wrong.
Uh, no, you are wrong.  When data refutes your idea, you must discard or 
modify your idea.  My "statement" was based on facts; yours on your "idea."
: > 
: > 2. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the F level there.
: >That also would be hard to believe as Methylchoride and Carbontetrachloride do not 
: contain Flourine.
Which is exactly why those are NOT significant contributors to 
stratospheric Cl.  Again, when data refutes your idea, it is folly to 
cling to it.
: > 3. There was no increase in the Cl level in the stratosphere after Pinatubo.
: >According to the EPA, NASA, NOAA, and Goddard there was.
Sorry, you are wrong, there was NOT.  There was NO measurable increase in 
stratospheric Cl after Pinatubo.  If you have a source that says 
otherwise, cite it.  (And I mean CITE -- volume, chapter, date, page, etc.)
: >
: > 4. The Cl level in the stratosphere matches the usage of CFCs.
: >Again CFC's are not the only source of Chlorine in the stratosphere.
They are the largest source and the only significant source at this time.
: >So what you are trying to say here is that Aerosols, Carbontetrachloride, and 
: methylchloride could be put back in use, because the CFC levels match 100% the ozone 
: depleation level.  Therefore only CFC's and nothing else is effecting the ozone layer.
Aerosol sprays USED CFCs!  If this is an example of your "data," I'm not 
surprised you're consistently wrong.
: >That is hard to believe because Chlorine Oxide is unstable, and UV ligh breaks it down 
: into the free chlorine radical, and two Oxygen atoms combine to form O2.  So, ClO levels 
: are almost no existent.  Also the Cl radical can react 100 times, before combining with 
: another element, so if the numbers match, then the chemistry of what they think is 
: happening needs to looked at again.
Again, if data refutes your idea, change it.  We HAVE detected and 
measured ClO in the stratosphere.  In fact, that was the datum that 
confirmed the CFC-O3 connection.  Please read a scientific article or book.
: > 
: > 9. The hole over Antarctica began in the 70s, just the 30-40 years needed
: >    for CFCs to diffuse to the stratosphere after their first usage.
: >No, that is when it was dicovered. 
:
Wrong again!  We've monitored Antarctic ozone since the 50s.  We 
discovered the hole in the 70s because that's when it appeared.
 >
: > 10. The ozone depletion has gotten worse ever year.
: > No it hasn't, 94 was up from 93. (Environment Canada)
Sorry, either you're misinformed or you're misinterpreting data.  If 
you'd read some scientific sources, you'd find that both ground and 
satellite measurements say the ozone depletion IS getting worse.
: >
: > 14. The chemical companies, who first vehemently opposed this, came to
: >     agree with it.
: >The prospect of make money has a tendency to do that to companies.
Wrong again!  The chemical companies opposed banning CFCs because their 
production was so profitable.  They only came around when they became 
convinced of the science.
: >
: > 15. The scientific community overwhelmingly supports this.
: >Yes and at one time the scientific community supported blood letting to cure infection, 
: but it didn't make them right.  What I'm saying is research the opposing opinion more 
: they may have something of value to contribute to the solution.
Wrong yet again. Do "scientists" who advocate creationism have something 
of value to contribute?  So those who continue to advocate cold fusion?  
Don't assume that just because 1 or 2 people believe something it means 
the scientific community hasn't accepted something else.

JKSNYDER wrote:
> 
> I agree with your basic premise: Overpopulation is the mother of all
> environmental problems.
In the context of global climate change, population growth ranks well
below economic growth, fossil fuel consumption, and compliance with air
quality standards as a contributor to greenhouse gas accumulation
rates.  Population growth has very little to do with global
environmental problems: social organization and technology are more
important factors that mediate the effect of population growth on the
environment.  
-dl  
-dl

Scott Nudds wrote:
>   The claim that scientists in the 1970's were warning of impending ice
> ages is false.  Repeating the claim is simply an attempt to scam the
> audience.
And your denial of the fact is also an attempt to "scam the audience".
>   Lets ask a more interesting question.  What evidence do you have that
> scientists were warning of impending ice ages in the 1970's?
Just where were you during the 70s?  Not born yet?  Or still "turning on
and tuning out"?  The coming ice age was the "global scare tactic" used
in the 1970s.
Frankly, I don't have time to look up the references myself.  The
newstories were
quite common.
>   Please present your evidence, by providing examples from the scientific
> literature of the period.
Hey, I was only a teenager then, not a scientist.  But I did watch the
nightly news--the bastion of fearmongers.  You think the general public
is swayed by scientific literature?  Hardly.  They are swayed by what
Ted Turner and Peter Jennings tells them they should swayed by.  And it
was their 70s counterparts that spread the fear of the coming ice age. 
Science had little to do with it.  Politics had everything to do with
it.  The same holds true today.  I see today's scientific evidence as
being very one-sided.  Only greenhouse theories are being extolled(sp?)
while opposing theories are being ignored or repressed.  Not to mention
that the "great givers of grants" are driven much more by politics than
anything else.
It is my sincere *belief* that the 'increasing anomolies' we are
experiencing (*if* we are experiencing them, which I don't believe we
are) then it is more likely that we are simply returning to a more
'natural' state of chaos.  We have been enjoying a stubbornly stable
period compared to the history of Earth's climate.  The most recent
evidence of this being found by the Greenland Ice Core Project. 
(There's your reference.  Do you have a reference to dispute their
findings?)
My view is a belief.  A belief founded in faith that you are all simply
WRONG!
That you are all so caught up in this humanity-vanity that you have
blinded yourselves to the fact that the Earth is *not* fragile and that
it doesn't need our help.  The only thing on this planet that we really
need to help is ourselves.
[Gee, now I know how the born-again Christians feel.]
As I have stated, there are plenty of things that humans need to
accomplish to clean up our act.  Solving a "perceived but as yet
unproven to be caused by us global warming" is not one of them.  Clean
air is.  Clean water is.  If you people would put as much effort toward
cleaning up our local problems, the world would be a much better place.
How many of you drive a fuel-efficient and low-emmissions automobile (or
don't drive at all)?  My truck, while not being the *most* fuel
efficient (~18mpg) belches out only 5% of those gases allowed by our
emmission requirements.  We have low-water-use plants in our
landscaping.  I support and use all recycling programs at my disposal. 
How many of you can say that? (All of you, I hope.)  BTW, all my reasons
for such actions are based on human-health concerns and economics.  The
way I see it, I am doing my part for a healthy local environment.
Kind of ironic that my methods incorporate many of the same methods
extolled by "no-riskers".  Just that I do it for different reasons
rather than buying into the global scare tactics.
[Difficult to know who said:]
> : >There is no freedom without economic freedom.  Remember that the next time
> : >a politician says he needs to raise tax rates!
>    Why are statements showing a general ignorance of science generally
> followed by tag lines expressing a conservative philosophy?
And why are liberals hell-bent on creating a fascist society that
regulates every action of the people.  And in case you didn't know (most
people don't)--
Fascism:  any system of government in which property is privately owned,
but in which all business and industry is regulated by a strong national
government.
Gee, that doesn't sound at all like our current administration (on both
sides of the coin).  NOT!
My political statement:  Voting for the lesser of evils still means that
evil wins.  Think about that on November 5th.  There are plenty of 3rd
party candidates that are not part of the antiquated system.  I just
wish people would have the convictions to vote FOR somebody they believe
in rather than voting against those they dislike the most.  Only then
can we change the system.
Eric J. anderson
eric@as.arizona.edu
"Call me a denialist if you want.  I bet I am kindler to the environment
than most people that call themselves environmentalists"