Subject: GPS/GIS Sales Position
From: gob@bayarea.net (GeoWeb )
Date: 23 Oct 1996 13:37:33 GMT
==============================================================
Check http://www.ggrweb.com for more job news
===============================================================
GPS/GIS Sales Manager
Organization : Ashtech, Inc
Contact : Mark Eustis
Address : 1170 Kifer Road, Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
Phone :408-524-1624
Fax : 408-524-1500
Email : marke@ashtech.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
JOB DESCRIPTION:
Senior electronic sales, responsible for direct sale of GPS products and
channel development. Provide direct sales support, on a daily basis, in
the
GIS line of company products. Responds to requests for information,
quotations,
brochures, and other sales-related materials. Calls prospective
customers,
provides technical information, demonstrates GIS product, conducts sales
seminars. Interface with current and prospective customers. Travel to
provide
direct support of sales, develop new sources of dealer representation,
supports
trade show activities. Minimum 5+ years of field experience in GPS/GIS
equipment
sales required. Proficiency with all aspects of GIS field data
collection
hardware & software, GIS and CAD software packages, as well as GIS data
sources.
BS degree or equivalent required. EOE
Contact:
Mark Eustis
Senior Manager
GIS Sales & Distribution
Ashtech, Inc.
1170 Kifer Road
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
408-524-1624 direct phone
408-524-1500 fax
408-828-1995 cell
marke@ashtech.com
NB: We are in an aggressive hire mode. Looking for strong sellers with
motivated
approach, independent nature, and interest in joining a company that's
not yet
public, very profitable, and growing fast.
Competitive compensation, including options.
================================================================
GeoWeb Interactive - Online Resources for GIS/GPS/Remote Sensing
url: http://www.ggrweb.com
================================================================
Subject: Re: Three Mars Missions to Launch in Late 1996
From: Linda O'Flynn
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 1996 08:17:55 -0700
Joseph Bartlo wrote:
>
> Interesting. This is not especially appropriate for this
> newsgroup, but perhaps others have wondered the same thing.
> What has prevented a human Mars landing similar to Apollo
> 11 ? Spaceships have made the journey in slightly > 4
> months (perhaps less), and people have survived okay in
> near-weightlessness for over twice that long. Thus, I
> assume adequate oxygen, water, and food would be available.
> Its rotation rate is very similar to Earth's. Perhaps
> temperature might cause a problem, but energy for heating
> should be obtainable during daytime. Its gravity is only
> slightly > than twice that of moon, so if escape speed can
> be achieved there, it should be able to be for Mars. Do
> wind storms cause much of a problem ? (So perhaps this is
> appropriate here). I assume such would be an international
> mission, since the Soviets were nice enough about the moon
> landing.
>
> Does anyone have info regarding that ?
>
> Joseph
I'm working on a science fiction novel about Mars and my research
indicates that maintaining atmosphere and temperature on the planet for
any reasonable length of time would be big considerations.
Linda
Subject: free GSA short course, grav-mag interpretation
From: "Richard I. Gibson"
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 1996 08:24:55 -0700
Last announcement --
Intro to Gravity & magnetic interpretation
(emphasis on tectonics, basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration)
this free short course for students is on Saturday, Oct. 26 at
GSA/Denver. For more information, visit
http://www2.csn.net/~rigibson/gsacours.html
Thanks!
Dick Gibson
--
______________________________________
Richard I. Gibson, Gibson Consulting
Gravity-Magnetic-Geologic Interpretations
P.O. Box 523, Golden, CO 80402 USA
Ph/Fax: (303) 278-0867, rigibson@earthlink.net
http://www2.csn.net/~rigibson/gibcons2.html
Subject: New Galileo Images From 2nd Ganymede Flyby
From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Date: 23 Oct 1996 19:01 UT
NEW GALILEO IMAGES FROM 2ND GANYMEDE FLYBY
October 23, 1996
The first Galileo images taken during the second Ganymede flyby on
September 6, 1996 are now available on the Galileo home page:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/
The images include:
o First Galileo stereo image of Ganymede
o Nippur Sulcus Region on Ganymede showing some very interesting
overlaying terrain
o Image of Ganymede showing probable frost
o The best and highest resolution image of Io taken by Galileo thus far
o Image showing changing volcanic activity of the Prometheus volcano on Io
The captions to two of the images are appended below.
Ron Baalke
baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
Galileo Home Page Curator
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
P47961
New terrain overlays older terrain, which overlays
still older surface, in this view of part of the surface of Jupiter's moon
Ganymede, taken by the camera onboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Galileo
obtained the images that make up this mosaic when it flew past Jupiter's
moon Ganymede for the second time on September 6, 1996. An area about 54
kilometers (33 miles) wide and 90 kilometers (55 miles) high is shown.
Northern Marius Regio (the dark terrain at bottom), Philus Sulcus (bright
terrain at center), and Nippur Sulcus (bright terrain at top) are seen
illuminated by the Sun from the southeast (north is at the top). The
key characteristics and relationships of the major terrain types on
tectonically active Ganymede are seen at a resolution 16 times better than
images taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1979. At the bottom, the ancient
dark terrain is seen to be very deformed by tectonic fractures and faults.
An impact crater about 18 kilometers (about 11 miles) in diameter has been
highly modified by faulting. More recent cross-cutting fractures and
faults at center illustrate to scientists the sequence of events that have
created the younger bright terrain. The lines in the middle left of the
image are faults that are cross-cut by younger faults in the upper part of
the image. The smooth band in the upper middle of the image may represent
water-ice volcanic deposits flooding a fault valley. Clusters of small
craters, representing ejecta transported from distant craters and re-
impacting here, are seen in the middle of the photo. The images that make
up this mosaic were taken at a range of about 11,620 kilometers (about
7,200 miles).
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, manages the
mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. This image and
other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo
mission home page on the World Wide Web at
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo. Background information and educational
context for the images can be found at
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P47971
Io, the most volcanic body in the solar system, is
seen in front of Jupiter's cloudy atmosphere in this image from NASA's
Galileo spacecraft, now orbiting the giant planet. This newly processed
image is the best and highest resolution view of Io produced thus far by
Galileo. Galileo was about 487,000 kilometers (about 302,000 miles) from
Io when this was taken on September 7, 1996, and Jupiter was about 908,000
kilometers (about 564,000 miles) away. The image is centered on the side
of Io that always faces away from Jupiter. The color in the image is
composed of data taken in the near-infrared, green and violet filters of
Galileo's solid-state imaging camera, and has been enhanced to emphasize
the extraordinary variations in color and brightness that characterize
Io's volcano-pocked face. The black and bright red materials correspond to
the most recent volcanic deposits, probably no more than a few years old.
The near-infrared filter makes Jupiter's atmosphere look blue. The active
volcano Prometheus is seen near the right-center of the disk. Scientists
are noting many changes that have occurred on Io's surface since the
Voyager flybys 17 years ago, and even a few changes in the two months
since Galileo's imaging of Io this summer.
The Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space
Science, Washington , DC. This image and other images and data received
from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide
Web at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo. Background information and
educational context for the images can be found at
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo
Subject: Re: Question on Fossil Preservation.
From: Steve Fielding
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 1996 20:10:13 +0100
In article <53b10j$11la@mail1.wg.waii.com>, David Frost writes
>Hello,
>
>Can anyone give me some information on how best to preserve a fossil fish
>that I recently found at Lyme Regis, Dorset. It's not a brilliant example,
>the tail is missing and because I found it on the beach, the sea had got
>to some of it first and there's only really an impression of much of it,
>but the head and several fins are still relatively intact.
>However I'd still like to try and prevent it disintegrating further.
>The rock it's in is a very fine clay mudstone, it's very soft and
>one of the problems I'm having is that as it dries out it cracks and splits.
>I'm trying to let it dry out as slowly as possible, I've got it wrapped in
>cotton wool
>and newspaper but it's still starting to split.
>
>I noticed that as it dries, the fish becomes harder to see. Is there some type
>of resin/varnish/glaze that I
>could use that would:
> - prevent the fish from disintegrating further
> - make the rock look 'wet' to make the fossil stand out more.
> - not fade or yellow with age(or shrink/crack/peel)?
>
>I can't find any books hereabouts that suggest anything for this,
>could anyone suggest a reference that I my be able to get hold of. (A publishers
>name would
>be useful too, I'd like to get my own copy of a suitable book).
>
>Any help or advice would be gratefully accepted, thankyou.
>Please feel free to e-mail me direct.
>
>
>David
>
I've recently experimented with preserving a couple of completly
flattened ammonites from the North Yorkshire coast which were also very
flaky and inclined to disintegrate as they dried.
Firstly I made a mould from cardboard and cast a block of plaster of
paris around the sides and bottom of the rock containing the fossil.
This was to give them sufficient strength to be cleaned and later
handled. Also the plaster of paris sets fast but dries out over 24 hours
so the fossils don't dry to rapidly. I then carefully cleaned the
fossils up with a fine soft brush and scraped the surrounding rock and
plaster of paris back to give an even surface all round the fossil.
Having painted the plaster of paris a similar colour to the base rock I
left the whole lot to dry for a couple of days and then sprayed it with
a Dulux high gloss aerosol (the standard hobby type varnish spray). This
has actually dried semi matt on this surface and picks the detail out
quite well. So far they have survived several weeks without
deteriorating so I'm failry pleased as normally specimens like these
have disintegrated rapidly when I left them untreated.
Hope this is some help to you.
There is also a book called something like "Collecting preparing and
displaying fossils" which your local libray may well have.
Steve
--
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Steve Fielding EMail steve@tubeway.demon.co.uk |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: Re: Three Mars Missions to Launch in Late 1996
From: fabry@stout.atd.ucar.edu (Frederic Fabry)
Date: 23 Oct 1996 20:18:15 GMT
In article <54lqfj$d7@status.gen.nz>, dazz@iconz.co.nz (Dazz) writes:
|> In article <54dggi$29u@news2.acs.oakland.edu>,
|> jbartlo@ouchem.chem.oakland.edu says...
|> >
|> >Interesting. This is not especially appropriate for this
|> >newsgroup, but perhaps others have wondered the same thing.
|> >What has prevented a human Mars landing similar to Apollo
|> >11 ?
|> >
|> >Joseph
|>
|> Hi .... I wish to add my thoughts why a human venture wouldnt be
|> considered for a few years yet.
|>
|> I reckon the biggest hold up for humans to visit Mars is simply the
|> unknown. In saying that I mean if the pathfinder mission discovered toxic
|> substances (just for example) OR even unknown substances would we still
|> send an astronaut there ?, I doubt we would even return the pathfinder
|> equipment (what kind of quarantine procedures are in place?).
|>
|> Hopefully though the 3 upcoming missions will confirm that human space
|> travel to Mars is SAFE, then I would assume it will definitely happen in
|> the next 10 years maximum.
Did you write "10" as in "ten" or is there a missing digit?
I think that given the mission duration, _a_lot_ still has to be learned on
how humans handle extended stay in space, as I fail to see how a Mars mission
could last much less than 3 years (a bit more than the period between the
closest approach between Earth and Mars).
Note: The moon is a few days away, and we haven't gone there since...
I can't remember anymore, it's been so long!
Frederic
Subject: Volunteers Needed For Science By Mail
From: critual@aol.com (CRitual)
Date: 23 Oct 1996 16:19:36 -0400
"Science education is one of our important obligations
to the next generation."
Dr. Andrew Onderdonk, Microbiologist, Boston, MA
Calling All Scientists !
THE PROGRAM
Science-By-Mail, a national pen-pal program that pairs children in the 4th
9th grades with scientists, is looking for eager scientists to volunteer
their time. Science-By-Mail was started in 1988 at the Museum of Science,
Boston, and is designed to encourage kids to explore the sciences, and to
foster a curiosity that will stay with them permanently. Your letters of
encouragement, advice and ideas help bring the world of science closer to
the participants.
Twice during the school year, the children and the scientists will receive
activity packets containing materials and procedures for completing the
activities. This year's packet topics are "Simple Machines" and "Flight".
(You don't need to specialize in these fields to participate.)
THE DIFFERENCE
Science-By-Mail succeeds because of the volunteers who write to the kids.
We continually hear from parents, teachers, and children who love the
pen-pal aspect of the program. The children especially like hearing
anecdotes regarding scientist's schooling, background, and hobbies.
WHAT TO DO
To volunteer as a mentor pen-pal for the 1996-97 program year, you need a
minimum of a Bachelor's degree in a science or technology related field.
Registration closes on Dec. 1, 1996.
Please call for a brochure at:
800-729-3300 or 617-589-0437 or
EMail us at: sbm@a1.mos.org
If you get the voicemail, please leave your fax number or address, so we
can send you the enrollment form.
Subject: Re: A one-week tour of Utah geology
From: cjones@mantle.colorado.edu (Craig Jones)
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 96 19:14:43 GMT
In Article <54jf2c$6js@qvarsx.er.usgs.gov>, jadamski@usgs.gov (James C.
Adamski) wrote:
>
>Greetings Aaron,
>
>There are a pair of books on the roadside geology of the Colorado Plateau, one
>was about the southern C. Plateau and includes the Grand Canyon. The other was
>for the northern C. Plateau and includes Zion and Bryce (both a must). The
books
>are similar to the "Roadside Geology" books, but is not part of that series.
>Sorry I can't help you further. My copies were "borrowed" years ago (I'd also
>like to obtain copies of these books if anyone has more info on them).
>
>Good luck and have a great trip.
>
>Jim Adamski
>USGS Little Rock, AR
>Opinions are my own.
These were published by Kendall-Hunt and authored by J. Keith Rigby. I'm
pretty sure these are way out of print (K-H killed their geology field guide
series some time ago except for Sharp's southern CA books). They are more
precise than the rather general geology in the Roadside Geology series but
sometimes it can get a bit aggravating to pull the good stuff out from 50 or
so "Mile 12.1 crossing into the Kaibab limestone" entries.
Going across the whole state allows a lot of things to be seen. With good
vehicles, you can visit the Henry Mtns. laccoliths, where Gilbert first
posited such intrusions. You can get a decent look at some Mz thrusts in
several of the canyons along the Wasatch front; there's also a booming
angular unconformity along I-70 just east of Salina related to the end of
the Sevier. In driving from Blanding to Boulder or Hanksville via Hite
Crossing you cross a marvelous monocline (Comb Ridge, a roadcut prominent in
The Monkey Wrench Gang) and pass through a lot of late Pz sediment that in
places appears to have clastic dikes (probable paleoEQ liquifaction
features) and in others was bleached along fractures probably carrying
hydrothermal fluids from the Henry Mtns. If you like stratigraphy, keep
careful tabs on the late Pz as you drive from Monumnent up to
Canyonlands--these rocks were in and on the edges of the Paradox basin and
the varying strat is telling you about the paleogeography rather nicely.
(Same advice--watch the stratigraphy--works well over much of the state,
e.g., going from the J sands in the east to the piles of shale near Salina).
West of Bryce Canyon NP is a great exposure of the Sevier fault to the north
of the highway--also some young volcanics associated with the fault.
Mineral and fossil hunting can be very good in western Utah--depends on your
location. West of Delta are some great lower Pz localities; to the south,
west of Beaver is copper and sulfides. The jumbled geology in the B&R; makes
it a bit tougher to pull out really exciting geology, but there are some
good thrusts and the contrast in the Cambrian between the west and east of
Utah are a great illustration of the old passive margin assemblage.
Other common features through the plateau country include erosional styles.
Watch for sapping, which produces box canyons (Zion has some nice examples)
as well as hoodoos (e.g., Bryce) and badlands-style erosion.
There's a small petrified forest near Escalante, should you head that way.
Columns of rock--probably old spring deposits now eroded out or fossil
sandblows from the Mz (recently argued out here) are at Kodachrome Basin,
south of Escalante. Some small thrust faults on the road between the
entrance to Bryce and Escalante have been discussed in the literature
recently--they are south-verging and might be related to the emplacement of
the Marysville volcanics to the north. Those volcanics are rather
impressive--I haven't gone through the main core of them myself but have
heard that it is a good crosssection through a composite volcanic center.
If you drive near Thistle (SE of Provo) you can look at the big landslide
that dammed that river a few years back at the intersection of US89 and US6.
If you go through SW Utah, the inverted topography near St. George is
classic (caused by young basalts flowing down gentle canyons and then, being
more resistant than the surrounding rocks, becoming mesas). Under those
flows are nice mudflat deposits of the Moenkopi with some interesting
channels (tidal channels?). Another (probable) laccolith in that area is
the Pine Valley Mtns, which has some decent hiking trails plus views across
to Zion. You can follow the basalt flows up to the north from St. George up
Snows Canyon, which is an interesting contrast (black basalts on white
Navajo ss). Also, if you approach Zion from the SE (from St. George) you
get a decent look at the Hurricane Fault.
Just west of the Hurricane Fault is the Virgin River anticline--a very
pretty structure nicely bisected by the road (the river is in the core of
the anticline).
Angle across the NW corner of the state and you can visit the Raft
River-Albion core complex. There are some specialized field guides for this
area--I haven't ever made it to the mtns, but the literature has a bunch of
good examples of core complex features from this area that should be
accessible. Going out the north, say north from Vernal, you can see the
Uinta Mtns and the Uinta (super)group of pC sediments--rather impressive.
There are some good exposures of the thrusts bounding the range on some side
roads west of Flaming Gorge--don't recall the guidebooks that would steer
you to these, though the 1x2 degree geologic quads are helpful (these are
available from the USGS fo r most of the state and are very handy on a road
trip). Of course Vernal is near the quarry at Dinosaur.
Good fault scarps, including one offset of a glacial moraine, are along the
Wasatch Front near Salt Lake City.
NNE of Salt Lake City on I-80 are some good exposures of syn-thrusting to
post-thrusting conglomerates. Peter DeCelles wrote a nice paper on these in
GSA Bull a year or two back--interesting interaction of the thrust motions
with the foreland sedimentation.
Oh yeah, another poster said to see Upheaval Dome. Do see it, though you
might wish to question the classic salt dome interpretation--Gene Shoemaker
reinterpreted this as a meteorite impact some years ago and there might even
be some radial dikes related to impact stresses (there was a GSA field trip
out to this thing a year or so ago). Moab Valley, though, is a wonderful
collapse graben caused by salt flow and dissolution.
South of Green River (UT) on the Green River's east bank is an artificial
geyser--somebody drilled a carbonate spring and the result now erupts every
few hours; the water cycles up and down in the spring every few minutes, so
it isn't a total loss to visit even if you miss an eruption.
There's a nice drive through the San Rafael Swell east from Castledale (SSW
of Price) to I-70 (first Ranch exit west from the entrance to the swell west
of Green River)--marked with the stratigraphy for eastbound travellers (also
a nice campground on the San Rafael River at the crossing). They opened a
nice museum in Castledale recently. Also some great petroglyphs on this drive.
More than you can hope to see--hope this helps.
Craig Jones cjones@mantle.colorado.edu
Research Associate, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder
WWW: http://cires.colorado.edu/people/jones.craig/CHJ_home.html
Subject: Re: Creation VS Evolution
From: Jerry
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 1996 16:48:28 -0400
Paul Johnson wrote:
>
> In article <326D8697.54DA@pilot.infi.net>, starway@pilot.infi.net says...
> >
> >John Robert Riddell wrote:
> >>
> >> In article <326990FA.5C29@primenet.com>, vanomen
> wrote:
>
> >>> [Pascal's wager deleted]
>
> >> This a convincing argument. Are You Hindu? Buddist? Jew? Perhaps God is
> one
> >> of the ancient Gods that are no longer worshipped. What if we worship the
> >> wrong one? Will we be punished for worshipping the wrong deity? Should we be
> >> sacrificing babies to the Aztec Gods?
>
> >> Please tell me which God you worship, and Why it is safer/better to worship
> >> him and not one of the others?
>
> >Comments from Jerry:
>
> > As far as the individual is concerned all religions provide relief
> >from isolation in death. The individual goes to the respective Kingdoms
> >of Heaven and is absorbed by the group. EAch individual thinks he has
> >achieved paradise. He thinks he has achieved eternal life. The self is
> >lost into the collective. Time ceases to be.
>
> And what is your evidence for this remarkable scenario? I don't recall
> reading this anywhere before (even in the bible).
> Ans. from Jerry: In the Bible you see the judgement of Nations and Jesus callsupon his Church. This are collective entities composed of individuals. Thus the
general process collectivized the individual into the collective memory within the
mind of God.
> >Thus a split second in the world of the dead appears as eternity. The
> >believers of all faiths happily fade into oblivion. Thus for most, the
> >Kingdom of Heaven is a very short experience as we view the proocess
> >from the outside.
>
> Wow. Where can I view this process from? It sounds fascinating.
> Ans. from Jerry: Only from the mind of God to your mind if God sp choose whichGod won't.
> > NOw, the pit of hell is the same. [...]
>
> > Choose your religion. If you choose none, then you have no collective
> >to enter. You stand alone. Yet, in mercy you will be cast into hell and
> >eliminated instantly.
>
> But you just got through explaining how it seems like an eternity. Which is
> it? And how is this merciful? It sounds like the mercy of a medieval court
> granting me a quick death instead of a slow one (i.e. not very merciful at
> all).
> NO. It seems like eternity to the shrinking and slowing brain. The senses go numb.Thus the joy needs a normal time clock to respond.It is just a fade out. The same is
true with the pit of hell. You sense the pain and fade out.There is no continuing
thought. It is over. The outside observer sees the true picture. The insider finds
paradise or the pit of hell and fades out. Clock stops.Truly painless.
> > Now, if you choose the Arrow of God from Moses to Jesus and choose
> >to follow his path, then you are eligible to be reborn upon the new Earth
> >as per Isaiah.
>
> Hang on a minute! The original argument was from Pascal's Wager. The next
> question was: which God should I believe in to win the wager? You are
> bringing in stuff which will only be accepted by those who already believe
> in your religion.
>
> Of course the truth is that the Invisible Pink Unicorns will impale the
> Christian Infidels during Rangnarock-a-rulong-a-rang-bang-boom. So you must
> believe in the IPUs to be saved.
>
> Paul.
>
> --
> Paul Johnson | GEC-Marconi Ltd is not responsible for my opinions. |
> +44 1245 242244 +-----------+-----------------------------------------+
> Work: | You are lost in a twisty maze of little
> Home: | standards, all different.
Subject: ANNOUNCE: Australian Minerals Exploration Technologies CRC
From: David O'Brien
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 1996 08:41:33 +0800
Keywords: Minerals Exploration, Geophysics, Airborne Electromagnetic,
Regolith.
The Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Minerals Exploration
Technologies (CRCAMET) announces its presence on the World Wide Web
at:
http://www.cs.curtin.edu.au/~david/crcamet
The mission of the centre is to develop and deliver to the
Australian mineral exploration industry, dramatically improved
(especially airborne electromagnetic) methods for exploration in
environments characterised by complex, conductive regolith cover.
These methods include image processing and visualisation
techniques.
The page aims to provide easy access to the centers publications,
partners and courses, and is frequently revised with announcements
such as employment opportunities. We hope that you visit the page
and find it a useful resource.
--
David O'Brien | http://www.cs.curtin.edu.au/~david
Perth, Western Australia. | Ph:(61 9) 351 3475; Fx:(61 9) 351 2819
Subject: Re: Magnetic symmetry supports new ocean ridge model
From: ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 1996 00:44:58 GMT
In a previous article, pjh1@york.ac.uk (Peter Halls) says:
what are the known figures for the amount that Earth must expand,
given inward deposition of starjunk?... Carey's model doesn't assume,
as far as i could tell from this discussion, that
the *density* has changed; in any case,
we may be able to add more increments of stuff-acreting,
while the general trend is thought to be decreasing
since formation of Solar system,
with the inclusion of a ramscoop-like mechanism
to intake hydrogen, eventually producing heavier elements.
>collision zones. Why do we *have* to have an 'expanding' earth to explain
>the oceanic ridges ... we cannot hope to understand the processes of the
>earth by taking one facet in isolation and rejecting the whole.
--
You *don't* have to be a rocket scientist. (College Career Counselor
to me, again )
There is no dimension without time. --RBF (Synergetics, 527.01)
Subject: Galileo Finds High-Altitude Ionosphere at Io
From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Date: 24 Oct 1996 01:14 UT
Douglas Isbell
Headquarters, Washington, DC October 23, 1996
(Phone: 202/358-1753)
Mary Beth Murrill
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA
(Phone: 818/354-5011)
RELEASE: 96-216
HIGH-ALTITUDE IONOSPHERE FOUND AT IO BY GALILEO SPACECRAFT
Scientists participating in NASA's Galileo mission have
discovered that the Galileo spacecraft may have flown though
a dense, high-altitude ionosphere during its encounter with
Jupiter's volcanic moon Io last December. This discovery
suggests that Io's atmosphere is time variable and is made of
volcanic gas lofted to very high altitudes.
An ionosphere is a region of electrically charged gas
that exists at the top of some planetary atmospheres. The
surprising discovery is being reported by Galileo scientists
this week at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's
Division of Planetary Sciences held in Tucson, AZ, along with
other Galileo results, including remarkable new images of the
planet and its moons.
"Sensors on the spacecraft found a very dense region of
ionized oxygen, sulfur and sulfur dioxide at 555 miles on Io
that must be pumped into that region by Io's relentless
volcanic activity," said Dr. Louis A. Frank of the University
of Iowa, principal investigator on Galileo's plasma science
experiment. "Instead of being swept away by Jupiter's
rotating magnetosphere as anticipated, the ionized gases
surprisingly remain with Io," he said.
"Passage of the Galileo spacecraft through an ionosphere
was not expected because images of the volcanic plumes
previously taken with the Voyager spacecraft indicated that
the plume heights extended only to a few hundred kilometers
or less," Frank said. A radio occultation by the Pioneer 10
spacecraft in 1973 indicated ionospheric heights only about
30 to 60 miles above the surface. "No one expected to see
this at 900 kilometers' altitude," he added. The difference
between what Pioneer saw and what Galileo has observed
indicates that Io's atmosphere and ionosphere are variable
and may grow and shrink with more or less volcanic activity.
The results may lend credence to previous theories
proposed by Galileo project scientist Dr. Torrence Johnson of
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA, that
invisible "stealth plumes" deliver volcanic gases to great
heights above Io. Io's weak gravity field apparently
permits the invisible gases emanating from the volcanoes to
reach extraordinary heights far beyond the lower altitudes
achieved by the dust and other volcanic ejecta that reflect
sunlight and can be seen in images, Frank said.
IO ELECTRON BEAMS
In a related finding, the energetic particle detector on
the spacecraft measured intense, bi-directional electron
beams that are aligned with Galileo's magnetic field in Io's
vicinity. The beams are similar to those that impinge on
Earth's atmosphere to produce aurora and also positive ions
and electrons in Earth's atmosphere.
Dr. Donald J. Williams, principal investigator on the
energetic particle experiment from the Johns Hopkins Applied
Physics Laboratory, said the electron beams span the energy
range of 15 kiloelectron volts to 190 kiloelectron volts and
represent an energy deposition into Jupiter's atmosphere of
up to one billion watts.
"This is sufficient energy input into the Jovian
atmosphere to produce visible auroral emissions," Williams
said. "These beams are a signature of remarkable particle
acceleration processes that occur in the vicinity of Io -
processes that are thought to be linked to Io's motion
through Jupiter's plasma and magnetic field environment."
Additional work is required to determine whether the beams
play a role in producing some of the auroral emissions
observed in Jupiter or if they are related to radio emissions
that have been correlated with Io's orbital motion.
The electron beams also must have a role in maintaining
the Io torus, the doughnut-shaped cloud of ionized gases that
flows between Jupiter and Io, Galileo scientists said.
Auroras in Io's atmosphere is one likely result of the
electron beams, they reported, and the two-way electron
highway that the beams produce between Jupiter and Io must
contribute to some of the auroras observed in Jupiter's
atmosphere as well.
IO VOLCANO SHIFTING?
Several images recently returned by Galileo show new
details of surface features on the moons Ganymede and Io.
One new image of the active volcano Prometheus on Io has been
compared to one of the same feature taken by NASA's Voyager
spacecraft 17 years ago, and shows that the plume is now
erupting from a position about 46.5 miles west of where the
hot spot resided in 1979. It is not known if the plume
source is the same or if the plume is now emanating from a
new source. Overall, scientists studying Galileo images of
Io are observing that a wide variety of surface changes have
occurred in the nearly two decades since a spacecraft last
visited Jupiter's system.
FROSTED RIMS ON GANYMEDE
Bright white areas seen around the circular rims of
high-latitude impact craters on Ganymede in new Galileo
images of that moon are likely water-ice frosts, Galileo
scientists report. Even though the Sun is shining from the
south, the north-facing walls of the ridges and craters are
brighter than the walls facing the Sun. Images of regions
elsewhere on Ganymede show more details of the remarkable
juxtaposition of newer and older fractured and faulted
terrain that characterizes so much of this big moon's
surface. A stereoscopic view of Ganymede has also been
produced with two images of the Galileo Regio region (one was
taken during the first Ganymede flyby in June and the second
was acquired in the September flyby). The image, which was
computer-reconstructed by imaging scientists at JPL, shows
new topographic information about the moon.
Galileo science team members are reporting on numerous
other new findings about Jupiter and its moons:
The photopolarimeter radiometer experiment produced heat
maps of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter, the day side of the
moon Europa, the night side of Io, and both the day and night
sides of Ganymede during the spacecraft's flyby of Ganymede
in June. The images of the Great Red Spot show temperatures
of the atmosphere at the 250 and 500 millibar pressure
levels, much like terrestrial weather maps. The Great Red
Spot is colder than its surroundings, consistent with earlier
Voyager and Earth-based observations in which the spot is
modeled as an anticyclonic vortex with central up-welling
balanced by subsidence at its edges.
The radiometer also produced temperature data for Io
indicating a nighttime temperature about -375 to -380
Fahrenheit. The first midday temperature for Europa, -229
Fahrenheit has allowed the radiometer instrument team to
determine that the moon has a more porous or "fluffy" ice
surface than the other moons. Researchers said that such
porosity indicates Europa's surface is covered with finely
powdered ice grains.
The near-infrared mapping spectrometer instrument and
Galileo's solid state imaging camera measured hot regions on
Io including erupting volcanoes and individual volcanoes,
finding temperatures between 296 to 656 degrees Fahrenheit.
On Callisto and Ganymede, the near-infrared mapping
spectrometer found surface features indicating the presence
of hydrated materials, or possibly carbon dioxide frost.
JPL manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of
Space Science, Washington, DC.
The Galileo mission home page is on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo.
Images from the mission are also posted on NASA's Planetary
Photojournal at:
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov
A set of five images described in this news release is
available to news media through a fax to the NASA imaging
branch at 202/358-4333. Photo numbers are:
Io in front of Jupiter: 96-HC-693/96-H-693
Changing volcanoes on Io: 96-HC-694/96-H-694
Ice-frosted crater tops on Ganymede 96-HC-695/96-H-695
Ganymede's Nippur Sulcus 96-HC-696/96-H-696
Stereo view Galileo Regio/Ganymede 96-HC-697/96-H-697
-end-
Subject: Re: Tom Dibblee
From: S Krueger
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 1996 15:20:06 GMT
In article <96102215340618686@cdmg.uucp.netcom.com> Ted Smith,
ted.smith@cdmg.uucp.netcom.com writes:
>GL>From: Glen Ledingham
> >Subject: Re: Tom Dibblee injured
>
>GL>I don't know how many quads Tom Dibblee mapped, but a compilation of
> >some of his maps is available from the California Div Mines & Geology (I
> >think). Most of his work was in the Coast Ranges.
>
>GL>He is well over six feet tall, and he was sufficiently dedicated to field
> >work that he is said to have carried a plank which he could lay across
> >the back seat of his state car after he opened both doors and upon which
> >he could then sleep in the field. Not only did this give him an early
> >start, but it allowed him to save his per diem and add it to his
> >pitiable state salary.
>
>Well, he wasn't a state employee, but an oil industry geologist who
>later went to work for the USGS. Perhaps it was a pitiful federal
>salary.
I have been told that Tom Dibblee's family was independently wealthy,
with large land holdings in southern California, so he wasn't mapping for
the money. He just loved the geology.
Most of Tom's maps are published as USGS Open File Reports. I once saw a
list of more than 60 15 minute quads he'd mapped in the California Coast
Ranges. Or should I say "compiled". He would typically gather all
published and unpublished maps of the area and then head out into the
field for weeks at a time on foot, often only taking a box of raisins or
a head of cabbage for rations. He was accomplished at living off the
land. Much of the geologic data on his maps comes from previous sources
which he simply compiled and field checked. On the maps of his that I
have used in the field, the majority of the strikes and dips are rounded
to the nearest 5 or even 10 degrees, largely because, as he freely
admitted, he would often map whole hillsides from the opposite side of
the valley. To his credit, however, you can tell where he actually went
by the more accurate strikes and dips along his traverses and the more
detailed mapping. I have been to places in the Franciscan melange,
however, where he clearly was practicing rock identification through
binoculars, as he locally has labelled white chert blocks as sandstone
and lichen-covered blueschists as basalt. On the whole, however, they
tend to be very useful maps, once you get used to his style.
It's hard to be too critical of the early mega-mappers like Dibblee,
however, considering the volume of output they produced, much of which
has yet to be remapped. And the available infrastructure to support field
work was considerably less back then. His reputation suffers unfairly for
his regional bias. To cover the ground you cannot map the details
everywhere.
Foster Hewett (sp?) was another of the mega-mappers who was active in the
Mojave region in the 20's, and he is frequently knocked for having mapped
entire ranges by riding his horse around the perimeter and projecting
faults up the valleys. But to average 6 square miles of reconnaissance
geology a day, as he did for more than a decade, requires that only the
major features can be documented. There was a lot of wide open country in
the west, and the USGS was tasked with determining what was out there. I
am amazed that these folks could get as much "right" as they did under
the circumstances.
Field geology was very different back then. At Berkeley, the field
classes would be broken into groups of 2 or 3, with each group being
given a week's rations and a strip cut out of a 15 minute topographic
quadrangle, and then dropped off at one end. A week later they were
picked up at the other end and graded on how well they mapped their
swath. It took a very different breed of geologist to undertake the
regional mapping required when we still didn't know what was "out there"
in the west.
*******************************************************************
* S Krueger (skrueger@arco.com) * *
* This message is personal and does not * This Sace For Rent *
* reflect the opinions of my employer * *
*******************************************************************
Subject: Re: Three Mars Missions to Launch in Late 1996
From: sjlee@mtu.edu (quibbit)
Date: 22 Oct 1996 12:26:42 -0400
In any rate the time can be shorter if you accelerate more. It would cost
more to get all the propellant up into orbit, but I think you could have a
faster flight if you merely increased your initiall acceleration for earth
(and of course deceleration at Mars). Is there any possibility of making
fuel from material on Demos or Phobos so as to not having to lug fuel for
a return trip.
Joseph Bartlo (jbartlo@ouchem.chem.oakland.edu) wrote:
: John Ladasky (ladasky@leland.Stanford.EDU) wrote:
:
: : Hmmm. Really? The Hohmann transfer ellipse between Earth and Mars
: : has a one-way travel time of 259 days. It is my understanding that the
: : Hohmann transfer ellipse is the least-energy route of travel within a grav-
: : ity well. Also, all the trips to Mars that I can recall have taken at least
: : this long. I have often wondered whether we would subject astronauts to
: : over a year of weightlessness (a round trip would be one year, five months!).
:
: Can you say anything without saying hmmm ?
:
: What were the 'Hohmann' transfer ellipses when :
:
: Mariner 6 left earth 2/25/1969, arrived 7/31/1969
: Mars 3 left earth 5/28/1971, arrived 12/2/1971
: Mars 6 left 8/5/1973, arrived 2/?/1973
:
: So the quickest I am aware of is about 5 months, but
: I heard that the time can be much shorter when the
: planets are closest together.
:
:
: Joseph
--
Not In Vain by Emily Dickinson
If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain:
If I can ease one life the aching, Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain.
Stephen Lee web page: http://www.wp.com/quibbit/
email: sjlee@mtu.edu