Newsgroup sci.geo.geology 36174

Directory

Subject: Re: Research Suggests Most of Earth's Oxygen Supply Produced by Geologic Events -- From: Nick Kew
Subject: Re: WARD'S Geology fax number -- From: Elmer Bataitis <"nylicens@frontiernet.net/nylicence"@aol.com>
Subject: Job -- From: Ivan Andrija Stojanovic
Subject: Need information about Used Water discharges/Necesito información sobre descarga de aguas servidas -- From: "Larry Calderón"
Subject: Re: Question about pegmatite (??) -- From: alintatd@iinet.net.au (AlintaGas)
Subject: Today on Galileo - November 6, 1996 -- From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Subject: Re: Help me !!! -- From: anna@netvision.co.uk (Anna Olson)
Subject: ***Free Digital Data, Surficial Map of Canada available for download *** -- From: Andr‚ Pr‚gent@gsc.nrcan.gc.ca
Subject: Re: info on expanding earth claim sought -- From: stgprao@sugarland.unocal.COM (Richard Ottolini)
Subject: Next window for quakes above 6.0 -- From: Dr.Turi@worldnet.att.net (drturi)
Subject: Re: Help me !!! -- From: dam@kerrera.dcs.gla.ac.uk (The Nit Nurse)
Subject: job hunt -- From: Susannah Schneider
Subject: 1997 INTERNATIONAL ASH UTILIZATION SYMPOSIUM -- From: Gretchen Tremoulet
Subject: Wanted BOOK ... The Practical Geologist by Dougal Dixon.........Quatro Books Please Anyone! -- From: wendy@southprt.demon.co.uk ( Wendy Bailey)
Subject: groundwater seepage measurements -- From: "Hank E. Julian"
Subject: Remediation, soil & groundwater, @ dry cleaner sites -- From: lkb@williams.com
Subject: geomagnetic problem, Help! -- From: tintin@maths.tcd.ie (Garret Patrick Duffy)
Subject: Life on Earth Began At Least 3.85 Billion Years Ago -- From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Subject: Re: Milankovitch theory ? -- From: ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)
Subject: Volcano Simulation -- From: Robert Jupp
Subject: Re: LAWSUIT MAY CLOSE US MINE -- From: barroux@Eng.Sun.COM (Juan Carlos Barroux R. - SunService)
Subject: Greetings Earthlings. . . -- From: emmalaura@mail.utexas.edu (Emma Livesey)
Subject: Re: Next window for quakes above 6.0 -- From: ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)
Subject: MONGOLIA'S MINERAL POTENTIAL AND MINING OPPORTUNITIES -- From: abg21@dial.pipex.com (Nick Hunter)
Subject: Re: geomagnetic problem, Help! -- From: Mark Duffett
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants -- From: s1045099@iplabs.ins.gu.edu.au
Subject: Re: Milankovitch theory ? -- From: Will.Howard@antcrc.utas.edu.au (Will Howard)
Subject: Re: Life on Earth Began At Least 3.85 Billion Years Ago -- From: Graham Shields
Subject: Re: Help me !!! -- From: "M.D.Warren"
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants -- From: kjells@ibg.uit.no (Kjell T Svindland)
Subject: career question -- From: Robert Miller
Subject: Re: What is the mass of the earth? -- From: Manley.Hubbell@hubert.rain.com (Manley Hubbell)
Subject: Re: Three Mars Missions to Launch in Late 1996 -- From: msagara@rainbow.rmii.com (Martin Sagara)
Subject: oops!!!Re: career question -- From: Robert Miller
Subject: A Great Offer of a Geographic Information System -- From: nac@zap.io.org (The International NAC Society)
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants -- From: Frank_Hollis-1@sbphrd.com.see-sig (Triple Quadrophenic)
Subject: Earth's rotation and its effect on tree grains -- From: Russ Grossman
Subject: [LOCAL] Houston Pot. Fld. Mtg. 11-21-96 -- From: campbell@neosoft.com (Chuck Campbell)
Subject: Acetate Peels -- From: ti-2g-er@juno.com (Kate L. Pickle)
Subject: 7 November, PLutonium Day is the only future holiday -- From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)

Articles

Subject: Re: Research Suggests Most of Earth's Oxygen Supply Produced by Geologic Events
From: Nick Kew
Date: 6 Nov 1996 12:48:45 GMT
Richard B. Winston wrote:
> The title and first few paragraphs of Baalke's post don't seem to
> reflect the rest of the post.
Well put.   I find the presentation of the post disturbing.
As an avid reader of Ron Baalke's press releases, I believe his popularisation
of real science is one of the most valuable services he or anyone can
perform for the global science community.   It would be sad indeed if these
were to descend to the level of pop journalism.
Nick Kew.
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Subject: Re: WARD'S Geology fax number
From: Elmer Bataitis <"nylicens@frontiernet.net/nylicence"@aol.com>
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 08:33:13 -0500
TIFFREAU Christophe wrote:
> 
> Hi everyone,
> 
> I am currently trying to join the Ward's Geology & Earth Science Company at
> Rochester NY in order to buy geologial specimens.
> Unfortunately, it seems that I haven't the correct fax number. Does anybody
> know the correct address of Ward's Geology and especially their fax number ???
> 
> I thank you in advance for any help.
> 
> Christophe TIFFREAU
> Laboratoire Pierre Sue
> Bat 637
> Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay
> 91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX
> 
> Fax : (33) 01.69.08.69.23
> e-mail : ctiff@lps.saclay.cea.fr
Ward's fax :  716-334-6174
Ward's voice: 716-359-2502
******************************************************************
Elmer Bataitis              “Hot dog! Smooch city here I come!”
Planetech Services                                       -Hobbes
716-442-2884                                 
******************************************************************
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Subject: Job
From: Ivan Andrija Stojanovic
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 16:12:34 -0200
To whom it may concern.
I would be most gratevful if you could inform me available positions in
the area of geology.
CURRICULUM VITAE                     
Personal details
Name:		Ivan Andrija Stojanovic
Date of birth:	February 4, 1969
Home address:	Medvedgradska 45a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
Telephone:	++/385/1/272126
e-mail:		Ivan.Andrija.Stojanovi@(public.srce.hr
Martial status:	Single
Nationality:	Croatian
Education
1983 		Primary school
1987 		Secondary school for electronics
1995 		graduated from the Faculty of science, Institute of Geology,
		major: geology.
1995 		Summer school of Ecology and Environmental Training, Kosice,
		Slovakia.
1995 		postgraduate study at The University of Zagreb, Faculty of
science.
Working experience
1996		Croatian Radio Television, Department for research and developing
new  
		technologies -- developing database of digitized model of terrain of
Croatian Republic. (current occupation)
1995 		Institute of Geology of Zagreb
1994 		I participate in the state project: Biological data basis and
GIS,
		developing GIS at the university and educating personnel necessary for
		further development.
1990 		Instructor of sailing and windsurfing in Summer camps in USA.
Prizes
1995		Scholarship for Summer school of Ecology and Environmental
		Training, Kosice, Slovakia, by UNEP UNESCO.
Computer literacy
OS 		MS DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX
APP 		MS Office 4.3 & 95, MicroStation, System 9, ArcInfo.
Associations
Croatian Geological Society
Ecoadriatic -- member of the Managing Board and the conductor of the
section for Environmental Geology.
Publications
* Upper-Cretaceous sedimentation of Adriatic carbonate platform and the
correlation with the contemporaneous explored layers. Faculty of
Science. Degree work. 1995. Zagreb.
* GIS in Croatia Today. Geological News. 1996. Vol. 32. sv. 1-2. Zagreb.
* Lithostratigraphic Map of the Murter Island and GIS. In print. Zagreb.
* Geology of the Murter Island and its Hinterland between Pirovac and
Tribunj. In print. Zagreb.
Licenses
1989 		Automobile
1994 		License for boat drive (Skipper)
Languages
English --	fluent spoken and written
German --	slight
Italian --	slight
October 9, 1996                  
                             Ivan Andrija Stojanovic
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Subject: Need information about Used Water discharges/Necesito información sobre descarga de aguas servidas
From: "Larry Calderón"
Date: 6 Nov 1996 15:29:17 GMT
English:
I'm writing my Grade's Work in Civil Engineering, which deals about Used
Water Discharge. Where I would  reach Information about it in WWW? Can you
send me information via e-mail? Thank you...
Español:
Estoy haciendo mi tesis de grado en ingeniería civil, la cual trata sobre
descarga de aguas servidas. Necesito que por favor me indiquen dónde puedo
encontar información técnica al respecto en el WWW, o bien que me envíen
información vía correo electrónico
		Muchas Gracias!
address: larry@ven.net
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Subject: Re: Question about pegmatite (??)
From: alintatd@iinet.net.au (AlintaGas)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 14:38:30 GMT
In article <55pagt$irm@opera.iinet.net.au>, alintatd@iinet.net.au says...
>
>In article <327B779F.7B53@senda.ari.es>, ace@servimail.ari.es says...
>>
>>Hello. First of all, I have to tell that I know practically nothing
>>about geology, so maybe my question looks like an stupid one. Someone
>>who is interested in this science has asked me if I knew the answer (the
>>answer is no), and I've thought that maybe someone knows the answer in
>>here. Well, here comes: is pegmatite (in Spanish: pegmatita) a plutonic
>>(in Spanish: plutonica) or a metamorphic (in Spanish: metamorfica) rock?
>>Sorry, but I haven't found these words in my Spanish to English
>>dictionary, so I have had to translate the names by myself. Thanks for
>>reading.
>>
>>Angel
>>
>>ps: use email if you know the answer to my question.
>>
>>It's me again (Jonathan Bishop); I forgot to include my address:
> 60 Davies Crescent
>Gooseberry Hill
>Perth, 6076
>Western Australia
>>
>I,m just ammending this article as the first that I wrote appears to 
have disappeared.  In answering your question I must first point out that
 a pegmatite may both be used as a descriptive term (ie a pegmatitic 
granite) or may in fact describe a rock category itself.
A pegmatite essentiallyrefers to those rocks of extremely coarse grain 
size.  It may therefore be both felsic (silica rich, ie it contains high amounts of 
feldspars and quartz) or mafic (silica poor, ie it contains olivines,
pyroxenes and amphiboles).  The felsic is the more common of the two, yet, 
by definition, both may exist.
Now to the question at hand; is a pegmatite igneous or metamorphic.  
Generally the term is applied to igneous rocks, yet as metamorphic 
(probably better referred to as `overprinted') rocks, are really 
altered forms of igneous or sedimentary rocks, then an overprinted rock,
 that still possesses its pegmatitic relict texture, may therefore still
 be referred to as `pegmatitic'.  I should add that the term can only be
 applied to holocrystalline rocks (ie rocks consisting entirely of 
crystals, as opposed to those that contain a mixture of crystals, volcanic
 glass or ash, or sedimentary (detrital) material), and hence is limited
to only igneous and igneous overprints.
If its any qualifier, I am a geology student at the University of Western 
Australia.
Hope I've been of some help,
                             Regards
                                    Jonathan Bishop esq.
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Subject: Today on Galileo - November 6, 1996
From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 14:58 UT
                            TODAY ON GALILEO
                            November 6, 1996
Today marks Galileo's closest approach in this orbit to Io (240,000 km),
Jupiter (9 Jupiter radius lengths away), Europa (34,000 km), and Ganymede
(1,050,000 km).  This is the closest Galileo will get to Io for the rest of
Galileo's scheduled tour of Jupiter, so most of today's study will focus on
close looks of Io by the imaging camera and extensive studies by the NIMS
(Near Infrared Spectrometer) instrument looking for sulfur dioxide and 
PPR (Photopolarimeter Radiometer) mapping surface temperatures. Global
coverage of measurements will be made at Europa throughout the day, looking
primarily for any signs of icy volcanism.  Evidence for this might be found
with the NIMS instrument, which will look for hydroxyl (OH) in the
atmosphere.
Also, images of Jupiter's third and fourth moons out, Amalthea and Thebe,
will be taken today at 8 km (5 miles)/pixel resolution.  Amalthea is 135
kilometers (84 miles) across, and Thebe thought to be 50 kilometers (30
miles) wide, but this data will tell us more.
For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to Jupiter,
see the Galileo home page:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/
     ___    _____     ___   
    /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|      Ron Baalke     | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
    | | | |  __ \ /| | | |  Jet Propulsion Lab |
 ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |__   Pasadena, CA    | I am doing basic research, when
/___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /|                 | I don't know what I'm doing.
|_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                  | Wernher Von Braun
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Subject: Re: Help me !!!
From: anna@netvision.co.uk (Anna Olson)
Date: Mon, 04 Nov 1996 15:46:21 GMT
On Mon, 04 Nov 1996 17:58:40 -0800, "Bill \"Fyunch (click)\""
 wrote:
>I just thought I would say happy birthday for last Saturday (sorry it's 
>late) to the original poster of this thread. Now you are 16, have you 
>found where the boys are.
>
>p.s. How did you get on in ukmtc
>
Unless I am mistaken, I won.
Thanks
Anna
_______________________________________________________________
T.R.Olson Ltd - England's oldist cellar of 
odd litle bits and peices
Visit my homepage at 
http://www.netvision.co.uk/homepages/olson
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Subject: ***Free Digital Data, Surficial Map of Canada available for download ***
From: Andr‚ Pr‚gent@gsc.nrcan.gc.ca
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1996 13:38:24 GMT
DIGITAL RELEASE
Surficial Materials of Canada
Map 1880A
In response to the increased demand for digital map data, the Geological Survey of 
Canada is releasing Map 1880A in digital form in order to evaluate future digital 
geoscience map distribution.  A digital copy of the Surficial Materials of Canada is 
available at;
http://sts.gsc.NRCan.gc.ca/page1/sgm/maps.htm
The french version of the map is available at;
http://sts.gsc.NRCan.gc.ca/page1/sgm/fmaps.htm
Clients accessing the map through the web site are asked to complete a brief 
feedback questionnaire prior to downloading a copy of the map.  The questionnaire 
is designed to help GSC evaluate the needs of users.
The digital map data consists of geology, landforms, and hydrography on separate
layers in .DXF, .MIF, or .E00 formats, and accompanying metadata.  The web page
also includes a link to the bibliographic file (GSC Open File 3046) containing
references to the published maps that were used in the compilation of 1880A.
The map shows the distribution of surficial materials in Canada, on land and in 
extensive offshore areas, at 1:5 000 000 scale.  It portrays broad genetic categories
of surface materials (alluvial, lacustrine, marine, glacial) and bedrock.  The map 
was compiled using information from the Geological Survey of Canada, provincial 
geological surveys, and other sources.  It provides a generalized picture of surface 
materials for the entire country which serves as base information for a variety of
applications.  The map can also be purchased on CD-ROM ($50 in Canada, $65 in 
other countries) by contacting gsc_bookstore@gsc.NRCan.gc.ca
P.S. He, take the time to browse around, let us know what you think of the web 
site in general!!!
_________________________
       ,     ,
Andre Pregent   (my opinion only)
Earth sciences data manager
Geological Survey of Canada                    
http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca
pregent@gsc.nrcan.gc.ca
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Subject: Re: info on expanding earth claim sought
From: stgprao@sugarland.unocal.COM (Richard Ottolini)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 13:56:28 GMT
>In a previous article, edstrom@Poopsie.hmsc.orst.edu (John Edstrom) says:
>
>>I've just heard a rumor that somebody has claimed that the earth has
>>been expanding logarithmically and has doubled in diameter and mass
>>during the last 100 million years.  The name associated with the claim
>>is S Warren Carey.
I don't know about his rates of expansion, however- but some people
have proposed since all of the present ocean crust has been created within the
past 220 million years, an expanding earth could explain that.
You'd need about a 70% expansion to triple the area of the earth's surface
represented by the new crust.
However there is an theory that fits more of the observations called
plate tectonics.
I suspect with precise modern geodesy (GPS, VLBI, etc.) one could analyse
the data to see if any part of it is consistent with an expanding earth.
Sea level is rising about 1.8 mm a year, but that is thought due to thermal
expansion rather than earth expansion.  A paleomag prof has inverted a large
set of palemag polar wander paths to see if an expanded earth was needed to
explain the data and it wasn't.
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Subject: Next window for quakes above 6.0
From: Dr.Turi@worldnet.att.net (drturi)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 17:10:30 GMT
PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT 
This theory is EXPERIMENTAL only.
There is more in this life than what you may think, believe, 
understand or see.  
Previous windows for large quakes posted--
 Oct. 13th -1996
96/10/14 23:26:21   7.02S 155.47E  33.0 7.0Ms B  SOLOMON ISLANDS
 Oct.20th-
96/10/19 14:44:42  31.90N 131.40E  33.0 6.7Ms    KYUSHU, JAPAN [DRAI]
96/10/19 14:53:47  20.30S 178.90W 583.0 6.0Mb    FIJI ISLANDS REGION 
[DRA
This theory is at an early stage and is  EXPERIMENTAL ONLY.
Next window is for Nov. 9th, 1996- A window is operational 1200 hours 
centering the given date and sometimes a few hours before and 
after the window - Thus 1200 Nov.8th through 1200 hours 
Nov. 10th, 1996 - UTC is used.  This theory indicate only 
the possibility for UNUSUAL weather and HIGH seismic activity.  
Previous windows have accurately pin pointed earthquakes of a 
minimum of 6.0 and well above 7.0  " As above as below", 
everything is interconnected.  
Note - THE WINDOWS DO NOT STOP AT EARTHQUAKES
 (high probability/intensity) BUT INCLUDED VARIOUS 
WAYS OF MOTHER NATURE EXPRESSING HERSELF 
THROUGH DESTRUCTIVE WEATHER/WIND ETC. PATTERN.
Full proofs of 1996/1997 Universal Predictions and dates are to be 
found at  http://www.salemctr.com/newage.html
http://www.Dawn21.com/ads/DrTuri.html
Thank you
Dr. Turi
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Subject: Re: Help me !!!
From: dam@kerrera.dcs.gla.ac.uk (The Nit Nurse)
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 18:23:37 +0000
In article <327e0de2.13174865@news.u-net.com>, anna@netvision.co.uk wrote:
|>On Mon, 04 Nov 1996 17:58:40 -0800, "Bill \"Fyunch (click)\""
|> wrote:
|>
|>>I just thought I would say happy birthday for last Saturday (sorry it's 
|>>late) to the original poster of this thread. Now you are 16, have you 
|>>found where the boys are.
|>>
|>>p.s. How did you get on in ukmtc
|>>
|>
|>Unless I am mistaken, I won.
You are mistaken. I won. You came third.
Hope this helps.
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Subject: job hunt
From: Susannah Schneider
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 13:24:59 -0500
I am a 2nd yr. Masters student in geology.  Most of my experience is in
Sequence Stratigraphy.  If anyone has information that would help in my
job search, please pass it on. Names of large data bases to specific
companies would be appreciated. Besides research or exploration, I am
also interested in working in state or national parks/forests.  
Thank you, Susannah
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Subject: 1997 INTERNATIONAL ASH UTILIZATION SYMPOSIUM
From: Gretchen Tremoulet
Date: 6 Nov 1996 19:03:50 GMT
ANNOUNCING:
1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium
Oct. 20-22, 1997
Lexington, Kentucky (USA)
Sponsors:
University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research
and
Elsevier Science, Ltd. / the journal FUEL
Scope:
all aspects of coal combustion by-product utilization
For more information, go to our Worldwide Web Page:
http://www.caer.uky.edu/ASH/ashhome.htm
Questions?  Please contact:
Gretchen Tremoulet
University of Kentucky
Center for Applied Energy Research
3572 Iron Works Pike
Lexington, KY 40511-8433
USA
e-mail gtremoulet@alpha.caer.uky.edu
phone (606) 257-0355, fax (606) 257-0360
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Subject: Wanted BOOK ... The Practical Geologist by Dougal Dixon.........Quatro Books Please Anyone!
From: wendy@southprt.demon.co.uk ( Wendy Bailey)
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 19:22:42 GMT
I desperatly need this book for help in my degree
I cant get hold of it anywhere and has gone out of press.
If anyone can help pse email me
wendy@southprt.demon.co.uk
Thanks
Wendy
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Subject: groundwater seepage measurements
From: "Hank E. Julian"
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 17:31:22 -0800
Does anyone have familiarity with designs or applications of meters/devices
for seepage faces along coasts, rivers, or streams?  I am shopping ideas for
construction of a device to measure groundwater flux to a steeply banked
stream from an upgradient contaminated site.  Discussions with
other researchers indicate that some folks have used cylinders (fitted with
inflatable bags) that are driven into coastal banks.
Any ideas or leads would be greatly appreciated.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Hank E. Julian
TVA Engineering Lab, LAB 1A-N
P. O. Drawer E                          Phone (423) 632-1834
129 Pine Road                           Fax   (423) 632-1840
Norris, TN  37828                       e-mail: idv1o@tva.gov
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Subject: Remediation, soil & groundwater, @ dry cleaner sites
From: lkb@williams.com
Date: 6 Nov 1996 17:51:03 GMT
Searching for experience w/ remediation of soil & groundwater
 at dry cleaning sites.  What technologies used, 
how successful and, MOST IMPORTANTLY, 
costs and duration (if completed).
Interests include PCE & petroleum distillates.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This article was posted to Usenet via the Posting Service at Deja News:
http://www.dejanews.com/          [Search, Post, and Read Usenet News!]
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Subject: geomagnetic problem, Help!
From: tintin@maths.tcd.ie (Garret Patrick Duffy)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 22:22:27 -0000
To whom it may concern,
I'm carrying out a geomagnetic study of a serpentinite body in western Ireland.
The Anomaly is large(average 2200nT above background) and takes the form of a
peak with near vertical sides.  The problem is the nature of the peak: it (on 4
separate profiles) has 3 or 4 "fingers" on top of its summit. The serpentinite
is in fact a sepentised ophiolite, which is by definition inhomogenous could the
"fingers" be due to the mixed up nature of the body?
If you have any ideas or references for me could you e-mail me? Also, does 
anybody have any idea of typical values of the susceptibility and remanence of
serpentinite?
Thanx for your time!
-Garret Duffy
(tintin@maths.tcd.ie)
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Subject: Life on Earth Began At Least 3.85 Billion Years Ago
From: baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)
Date: 6 Nov 1996 22:03 UT
Donald Savage
NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC            November 6, 1996
(Phone:  202/358-1547)
Stuart Wolpert
UCLA, Department of Earth and Space Sciences
(Phone:  310/206-0511
Cindy Clark
Scripps Oceanographic Institute, San Diego, CA
(Phone:  619/534-1294)
Cheryl Dybas
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA
(Phone:  703/306-1070)
RELEASE:  96-230
LIFE ON EARTH BEGAN AT LEAST 3.85 BILLION YEARS AGO, 400 
MILLION YEARS EARLIER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT, SCIENTISTS SAY 
       Life on Earth began at least 3.85 billion years ago, 
an international team of scientists reports in the cover 
story of the Nov. 7 issue of the journal Nature. 
       The scientists, from UC San Diego's Scripps 
Institution of Oceanography, UCLA's Department of Earth and 
Space Sciences, the Australian National University and 
England's Oxford Brookes University, present evidence that 
pushes back the emergence of life on Earth by 400 million years.
       The evidence comes from a rock formation discovered on 
Akilia Island in southern West Greenland that is at least 
3.85 billion years old. The research -- funded primarily by 
the National Science Foundation and NASA -- has provocative 
implications. 
       "Our evidence establishes beyond reasonable doubt that 
life emerged on Earth at least 3.85 billion years ago, and 
this is not the end of the story," said Stephen J. Mojzsis, a 
graduate student in geochemistry at Scripps and the lead 
author of the article. "We may well find that life existed 
even earlier."
       "We look in rocks like this for chemical suggestions 
and isotopic evidence, and we found both," said T. Mark 
Harrison, professor of geochemistry at UCLA and director of 
UCLA's W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Isotope Geochemistry. 
"It would be wonderful to see a head and toes, and while we 
don't have those, we have found very strong isotopic evidence 
for ancient life."
       "But in the cases of Earth's most ancient rocks and 
minerals, we are actually better off relying on this type of 
isotopic evidence -- chemofossils -- rather than on the shape 
of life-like objects with which nature has often been 
deceiving the unwary," said Gustaf Arrhenius, professor of 
oceanography at UC San Diego and principal investigator for 
the research project.
       The carbon inclusions in the rock were analyzed with 
UCLA's high-resolution ion microprobe -- an instrument that 
enables scientists to learn the exact composition of samples 
-- which Mojzsis described as the "world's best instrument" 
for this research. The microprobe shoots a beam of ions -- 
charged atoms -- at a sample, releasing from the sample its 
own ions that are analyzed in a mass spectrometer. Scientists 
can aim the beam of ions at specific microscopic areas of a 
sample and analyze them. 
       The team of scientists, Mojzsis; Arrhenius, who is his 
research adviser; Harrison; Kevin McKeegan, a researcher in 
UCLA's Department of Earth and Space Sciences; Allen Nutman, 
a research fellow at the Australian National University; and 
Clark Friend, a geologist at Oxford Brookes University, 
presents the following evidence for the ancient life:
·  Most importantly, a high ratio of one form -- an isotope 
-- of carbon to another, which provides a "signature of 
life," Mojzsis said. The carbon aggregates in the rock 
have a ratio of about 100 to one of 12C (the most common 
isotope form of carbon, containing six protons and six 
neutrons) to 13C (a rarer isotopic form of carbon, 
containing six protons and seven neutrons). "The light 
carbon, 12C, is more than three percent more abundant than 
scientists would expect to find if life were not present, 
and three percent is, in this case, a very large amount," 
Arrhenius said;
· The inclusion of the carbon in a phosphate mineral called 
apatite, which is also the material of which bones and 
teeth are made. Apatite is often formed by microorganics, 
but it can also be formed inorganically. The association 
of the carbon with the apatite is "suggestive, and not 
surprising, but does not in itself establish life," 
Arrhenius said. 
       The form of life discovered was probably a simple 
micro-organism, although its actual shape or nature cannot be 
ascertained, Mojzsis said, because heat and pressure over 
time have destroyed any original physical structure of the 
organisms. 
       Harrison, who directs UCLA's ion microprobe, said of 
the research, "This was a scientific problem that was waiting 
for a new generation microprobe of this resolution. The 
individual samples are very small, and no other instrument 
would have been sensitive enough to reveal precisely the 
isotopic composition and location of the carbon inclusions in 
the rock."
       It is unknown when life first appeared on Earth, which 
is approximately 4.5 billion years old. The previous earliest 
evidence for life was presented by UCLA paleobiologist J. 
William Schopf, who showed that on the basis of bacteria-like 
fossils, primitive life, much like modern "pond scum," 
existed on Earth 3.46 billion years ago. "The evolution of 
lifeless matter into primitive life forms, and their 
organization into the complex structure of cells like those 
found by Schopf, represent an enormous development in the 
earliest history before the deposition of the Akilia 
sediments," Arrhenius said. 
       The residues of ancient life that the scientists have 
discovered existed prior to the end of the "late heavy 
bombardment" of the Moon by large objects, which ended 
approximately 3.8 billion years ago, Harrison said. The 
implication, he added, is that the often assumed simultaneous 
bombardment of Earth did not lead to the extinction of life. 
       This research shows that life on Earth began during 
the first approximately 700 million years after the formation 
of the planet, placing an upper limit on the time needed for 
the creation of life on Earth, or on the time period 
available for it to arrive here from elsewhere, the 
scientists said.
       "Life is tenacious, and it completely permeates the 
surface layer of the planet," Mojzsis said. "We find life 
beneath the deepest ocean, on the highest mountain, in the 
driest desert and the coldest glacier, and deep down in the 
crustal rocks and sediments. Not knowing what conditions are 
needed for the emergence of life, it is only possible to 
speculate about its existence elsewhere in the universe. An 
important contribution to the solution of this problem could 
come from exploration of the surface of Mars for traces there 
of extinct life."
       An equally interesting question, the scientists 
agreed, that is currently studied in laboratories on Earth is 
how life originally could have arisen from lifeless 
molecules, and evolved into the already sophisticated isotope 
fractioning life forms recorded in the Akilia rocks.
       Mojzsis' research is supported by a graduate 
fellowship from the NASA Specialized Center for Organized 
Research and Training (NSCORT) in Exobiology, which is 
located at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Arrhenius has 
received support from NASA's Exobiology Office, from NASA 
NSCORT and from the NSF (Earth Sciences). Harrison's ion 
microprobe research is supported by a grant from the NSF's 
Instrument and Facilities Program. Nutman's research has been 
supported by the Carlsberg Foundation and the Danish Natural 
Science Research Council. Friend's research has been 
supported by the Oxford Brookes University and the Royal 
Society of London. 
                     - end -
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Milankovitch theory ?
From: ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1996 22:00:19 GMT
In a previous article, Will.Howard@antcrc.utas.edu.au (Will Howard) says:
again, I ask,
is there any causitive notion for the eccentricity,
whether relativistic or not?...  also,
is it really necessary to invoke relativity for the precession?...
after all, a top precesses, merely because the "point"
on the floor actually has a diameter, as the top tilts (of course,
this invokes the godlike powersource of the Invisible Hand
that spun it, in the first place .-)
>In Berger and Loutre's example, taking present-day incoming radiation
>(S_a) at 1360 w/m^2 and a present-day eccentricity of 0.016:
>
> W_e would increase 3.7 w/m^2 (0.27%) for e = 0.075 
> W_e would decrease 0.17 w/m^2 (0.01%) for e = 0
> 
>Note that 0.075 is somewhat greater than the maximum value for
>eccentricity (about 0.06) during the past 1 million years in the Berger
>and Loutre (1991) solution. The geological record shows that intervals of
>high eccentricity actually are associated with the low-ice-volume,
>interglacial stages of the late Quaternary. However, this association in
>Milankovitch terms is due to eccentricity's modulation of the precession
>effect (the e*sin(omega) term), i.e. the earth-sun distance in boreal
>summer.
>Berger, A., and M. F. Loutre, Long-term variation of the astronomical
>seasons, in Topics in Atmospheric and Interstellar Physics and Chemistry,
>edited by C. Boutron, pp. 33-61, Les Editions de physique, Le Ulis,
>France, 1994.
-- 
You *don't* have to be a rocket scientist.  (College Career Counselor
					     to me, again )
There is no dimension without time.  --RBF (Synergetics, 527.01)
Return to Top
Subject: Volcano Simulation
From: Robert Jupp
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 06:11:34 +1000
Dear Newsgroup Members,
Can anybody assist me?
I'm involved in primary/elementary school education. I've heard of a volcano 
simulation/demonstration involving sulphur (or sulfur, whichever you prefer :)) that was 
published in the Journal of Chemical Education. I have not been able to find it.
Does anyone know of a similar reference, or indeed any references on volcano 
simulations?
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Regards,
Dr Robert Jupp
Return to Top
Subject: Re: LAWSUIT MAY CLOSE US MINE
From: barroux@Eng.Sun.COM (Juan Carlos Barroux R. - SunService)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 00:03:07 GMT
In article ya023180000111961934110001@news.cac.psu.edu, kmyer@psu.edu (Kevin M. Myer) writes:
> Imagine that...an unstable dam in a tectonically active region.  Wonder
> what engineer designed this one (or worse yet what geologist recommended to
> build a dam here)...
  In some cases you have no choice.
  Countries like Japon or Chile need dams and you just design the risk in them.
  j.c.
Return to Top
Subject: Greetings Earthlings. . .
From: emmalaura@mail.utexas.edu (Emma Livesey)
Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1996 17:54:30 -0600
okurht  poihfuh lhlgf lj vg l kjfgnm m,.kjbf.
ok?
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Next window for quakes above 6.0
From: ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1996 22:12:57 GMT
In a previous article, Dr.Turi@worldnet.att.net (drturi) says:
why don't you cite Jim Berkland, formerly of USGS,
doc.Turi?...  anyway, I was happy to see you
at the Whole Life Expo to get the bumps on my head read, but
I was rather upset at your sudden dysappearance,
just as you were concentrating on a painful & protuberant knot --
those aliens are not much on courtesy; are they ?!?
>This theory is at an early stage and is  EXPERIMENTAL ONLY.
>Next window is for Nov. 9th, 1996- A window is operational 1200 hours 
>centering the given date and sometimes a few hours before and 
>after the window - Thus 1200 Nov.8th through 1200 hours 
>Nov. 10th, 1996 - UTC is used.  This theory indicate only 
>the possibility for UNUSUAL weather and HIGH seismic activity.  
>Previous windows have accurately pin pointed earthquakes of a 
>minimum of 6.0 and well above 7.0  " As above as below", 
>everything is interconnected.  
well, duh.
-- 
You *don't* have to be a rocket scientist.  (College Career Counselor
					     to me, again )
There is no dimension without time.  --RBF (Synergetics, 527.01)
Return to Top
Subject: MONGOLIA'S MINERAL POTENTIAL AND MINING OPPORTUNITIES
From: abg21@dial.pipex.com (Nick Hunter)
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 01:48:40 +0000
A new publication describing Mongolia's Mineral Potential and Mining
Opportunities is announced. Written by Mr D Galsandorj of Erdenet, the
Mongolian Mining Corporation, the 99-page book sets out long-awaited
essential background information needed for doing business in this huge
mineral-rich country.
Mongolia's immense potential as a major supplier of minerals is now
attracting widespread interest from all sectors in the international
minerals industry. Revisions to national legislation now actively
encourage inward investment in Mongolia's mining and mineral processing
industries. 
Published in July 1996, this important publication is available at
US$320 (UK£200) from the author via email at: abg21@dial.pipex.com
Hunter Mining Consultants Ltd has been involved with Mongolian mining
for the past five years, and offers further information on specific
Mongolian mineral deposits and contacts with Mongolian mining companies.
Email us at: abg21@dial.pipex.com
MONGOLIA'S MINERAL POTENTIAL AND MINING OPPORTUNITIES 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 BACKGROUND TO MONGOLIA
1.1 Physical geography
1.2 Climate
1.3 Flora and fauna
1.4 Population and language
1.5 Social geography
1.6 Government
1.7 The economy
1.8 Industry 
1.9 Agriculture
1.10 Infrastructure 
  1.10.1 Railways
  1.10.2 Airlines 
  1.10.3 Road transport
  1.10.4 Telecommunications
  1.10.5 Power supplies
1.11 Foreign trade
1.12 Foreign investment
1.13 Special economic zones
2.0 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
2.1 Overview
2.2 Gold
  2.2.1 Primary gold occurrences
  2.2.2 Placer gold deposits 
  2.2.3 Individual gold deposits
2.3 Silver
  2.3.1 Asgat 
  2.3.2 Mongon Ondor
2.4 Copper
  2.4.1 Erdenet
  2.4.2 Tsagaan Suvraga
2.5 Molybdenum
  2.5.1 Tsagaan Chuluut
  2.5.2 Aryn Nuur
2.6 Lead and zinc
2.7 Tin
2.8 Tungsten
2.9 Rare earths
2.10 Fluorspar
  2.10.1 Bor Ondor
  2.10.2 Berkh
  2.10.3 Khajuu Ulaan district
  2.10.4 Khar-Airag district
  2.10.5 Orgon district
  2.10.6 Chuluut Tsagaandel district
  2.11 Phosphorite
2.12 Coal
  2.12.1 Baganuur
  2.12.2 Sharyngol
  2.12.3 Nalaikh
  2.12.4 Tavantolgoi
  2.12.5 Shivee Ovoo 
2.13 Oil
  2.13.1 Tsagaan Els
  2.13.2 Zuunbayan
2.14 Industrial minerals 
3.0 CURRENT MINING INDUSTRY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
3.1 Precious metals
3.2 Copper and molybdenum
3.3 Fluorspar
3.4 Coal
3.5 Oil
3.6 Uranium
4.0 MINERAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION
4.1 Minerals administration
  4.1.1 The Geological Survey
  4.1.2 The State Geological Fund
  4.1.3 The Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources
4.2 Regulations related to mineral resources 
  4.2.1 Mineral Law
  4.2.2 Powers of State bodies engaged in regulating minerals
  4.2.3 Petroleum Law
  4.2.4 Laws related to property rights
  3.1.4 Environmental legislation 
4.3 Licences
  4.3.1 Exploration licences
  4.3.2 Mining licences 
  4.3.3 Licence periods and extensions 
  4.3.4 Application procedures for a licence 
  4.3.5 Basic criteria for tendering for a licence 
4.4 Royalties
5.0 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES 
5.1 Foreign investment 
5.2 Taxation regulations 
5.3 Customs requirements 
5.4 Banking 
5.5 Privatisation progress 
5.6 Mines and deposits offered for foreign investment 
6.0 DOING BUSINESS IN MONGOLIA
6.1 Travel arrangements 
6.2 Visa requirements 
6.3 Arrival and customs control 
6.4 Transportation 
6.5 Food 
6.6 Staffing 
6.7 Medical facilities
6.8 Social security and insurance 
6.9 Hotels and housing 
6.10 Obtaining currency 
6.11 Opening a bank account 
6.12 Interpretation and office services 
6.13 Communications 
7.0 USEFUL BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES 
7.1 Government bodies involved in exploration and mining 
7.2 Major mining and trading companies
7.3 Representative offices of Western companies involved in mining and
metal trading  
7.4 Communication and transport
7.5 Banking sector 
7.6 Correspondent banks abroad 
7.7 Mongolian diplomatic and trade missions abroad
7.8 Honorary Consuls 
7.9 Diplomatic missions and consular offices in Mongolia
7.10 International agencies in Ulaanbaatar 
7.11 Hotels 
7.12 Airline information 
LIST OF TABLES
1 Mongolia's economy, 1990-1995
2 Production of principal commodities, 1993-1995 
3 Transport figures for Mongolian Railways 
4 Countries with which Mongolia has bilateral trade and 
   economic cooperation agreements 
5 Countries with which Mongolia hold agreements on mutual 
   promotion and protection of investments
6 Countries with which Mongolia holds double taxation agreements 
7 Mongolia's major trading partners in 1995 
8 Mongolia's main import items 
9 Mongolia's main export items 
10 Foreign investment in export-oriented sectors (early 1995) 
11 Foreign participation in the manufacturing industry in early 1995  
12 Gold-bearing zones in Mongolia 
13 Analysis of fluorspar ores from the Orgon district, southern Mongolia
14 Output of copper-in-concentrate at Erdenet, 1979-1995
15 Typical chemical analysis of Erdenet copper concentrate
16 Typical chemical analysis of Erdenet molybdenum concentrate
17 Granulometric parameters for Mongolian fluorspar concentrates
18 Typical chemical analyses of Mongolian fluorspar concentrates
19 Key facts about Mongolia
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Mongolia, geographical and political
2 Metallogenic belts 
3 Geological sketch map of the Boroo deposit
4 Schematic geological map of the Zaamar District
5 Geological sketch of the Bumbat gold field 
6 Geological sketch map of the Asgat deposit 
7 Block-diagram of Bor Ondor fluorite deposit
8 Geological sketch map of the Baganuur deposit 
9 Sedimentary basins, oil fields and oil discoveries 
10 Location of selected non-metallic mineral deposits 
11 Mongolia's major operating mines and mineral deposits 
12 Government structure in relation to the minerals sector 
13 Organisational structure of the Ministry of Energy, Geology and
Mining 
14 Mapping coverage 
15 Example of a Visa Application Form 
Return to Top
Subject: Re: geomagnetic problem, Help!
From: Mark Duffett
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 11:06:16 +1000
Garret Patrick Duffy wrote:
> 
> To whom it may concern,
> I'm carrying out a geomagnetic study of a serpentinite body in western Ireland.
> The Anomaly is large(average 2200nT above background) and takes the form of a
> peak with near vertical sides.  The problem is the nature of the peak: it (on 4
> separate profiles) has 3 or 4 "fingers" on top of its summit. The serpentinite
> is in fact a sepentised ophiolite, which is by definition inhomogenous could the
> "fingers" be due to the mixed up nature of the body?
> If you have any ideas or references for me could you e-mail me? Also, does
> anybody have any idea of typical values of the susceptibility and remanence of
> serpentinite?
According to Clark and Emerson (1991), serpentinised peridotite/dunite bodies 
generally have magnetic susceptibilities of between 0.01 and 0.1 SI units, and may 
range as high as 0.3 SI.  Slight susceptibility contrasts within this range 
between layers in your (near-vertically dipping?) ophiolite could easily produce 
the signature you describe.  Clark and Emerson (op cit.) also state that remanence 
is likely to be relatively weak (Koenigsberger ratio < 1) in serpentinites.
Ref:  Clark, D.A. and Emerson, D.W. (1991), Notes on rock magnetization 
characteristics in applied geophysical studies.  Exploration Geophysics 22: 
547-555.
Hopefully you should be able to get hold of this in Ireland somewhere, if not your 
university library (Exploration Geophysics is the journal of the Australian 
Society of Exploration Geophysicists).
Cheers,
Mark
============================================================
Mark Duffett
Ph.D. student                                                       
Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies 
University of Tasmania                                       
------------------------------------------------------------
Graeme:  "It's gold ore!"
Tim & Bill:  "Gold ore?!" 
Graeme:  "Yes!  Gold, or, something else."           
The Goodies, 'Gunfight at the OK Tearooms'
============================================================
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants
From: s1045099@iplabs.ins.gu.edu.au
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 02:43:42 GMT
In article  hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen) writes:
>From: hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
>Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants
>Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1996 16:51:26 GMT
>In article ,
>  wrote:
>>Hi all,
>>
>>On the weekend, while walking in a local rainforest national park, I noticed 
>>that all the vines which use trees to climb and reach the canopy were 
>>ascending in an anticlockwise spiral when looking from the top.  I wondered if 
>>the coriolis effect was being taken advantage of here.  Was this due to the 
>>way that rain water spirals down the trunk of the host tree, or perhaps the 
>>the vine was utilising the coriolis effect to bring water up from the ground 
>>in the most efficient way.  
>Coriolis effect is negligible at the scale of your typical creeper. it
>is far more likely due to most of the vines having a common genetic
>background.
That's what I thought too.  But what made me wonder was the fact that all the 
different  species I found were climbing in the same anticlockwise 
direction.  If they all share a common genetic background then it may be 
explained by that, but I saw creepers that look quite different and perhaps do 
not share a common genetic background.  It would be very interesting to know 
if there is a standard direction in other regions, where there is a different 
predominating species.  In particular, I'd like to know what direction they 
spiral up in the Northern hemisphere.
Think I'll hit the library.
Scott
>-- 
>    ********** DAVE HATUNEN (hatunen@netcom.com) **********
>    *               Daly City California                  *
>    *   Between San Francisco and South San Francisco     *
>    *******************************************************
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Milankovitch theory ?
From: Will.Howard@antcrc.utas.edu.au (Will Howard)
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 14:38:42 +1100
In article <1996Nov6.220019.846@lafn.org>, ba137@lafn.org (Brian
Hutchings) wrote:
> again, I ask,
> is there any causitive notion for the eccentricity,
> whether relativistic or not?...  also,
> is it really necessary to invoke relativity for the precession?...
> after all, a top precesses, merely because the "point"
> on the floor actually has a diameter, as the top tilts (of course,
> this invokes the godlike powersource of the Invisible Hand
> that spun it, in the first place .-)
> 
Oh, I think I see what you're asking.
 The orbital variations of precession, and changes in eccentricity and
obliquity are caused by the gravitation interactions of the sun, moon,
earth, and other planets in the solar system. No need to invoke relativity
here, Newtonian-type physics seem to be quite adequate as far as I know.
I refer you again to some of Berger's publications (previously cited) for
which planetary interactions are associated with which orbital periods,
etc.
****************************************************************
email:     Will.Howard@antcrc.utas.edu.au
           Antarctic CRC / University of Tasmania
           GPO Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 AUSTRALIA
****************************************************************
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Life on Earth Began At Least 3.85 Billion Years Ago
From: Graham Shields
Date: 7 Nov 1996 07:47:55 GMT
Hmm, American scientists seem to be rediscovering 
everything these days.......
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Help me !!!
From: "M.D.Warren"
Date: 7 Nov 1996 07:39:49 GMT
dam@kerrera.dcs.gla.ac.uk (The Nit Nurse) wrote:
>In article <327e0de2.13174865@news.u-net.com>, anna@netvision.co.uk wrote:
>
>|>On Mon, 04 Nov 1996 17:58:40 -0800, "Bill \"Fyunch (click)\""
>|> wrote:
>|>
>|>>I just thought I would say happy birthday for last Saturday (sorry it's 
>|>>late) to the original poster of this thread. Now you are 16, have you 
>|>>found where the boys are.
>|>>
>|>>p.s. How did you get on in ukmtc
>|>>
>|>
>|>Unless I am mistaken, I won.
>
>You are mistaken. I won. You came third.
>
>
>Hope this helps.
actually I won...everyone else was eliminated.;)
Mike W.
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants
From: kjells@ibg.uit.no (Kjell T Svindland)
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 09:42:49 +0100
In article ,
s1045099@iplabs.ins.gu.edu.au wrote:
>                   But what made me wonder was the fact that all the 
> different  species I found were climbing in the same anticlockwise 
> direction.  
Maybe they grow so fast, that trying to face the sun going across the sky
every day make them twirl? ;-)
-- 
Kjell T Svindland                     kjellts@sn.no, kjells@ibg.uit.no
Tromsø, Norway                             http://home.sn.no/~kjellts/
                                     - The past is a key to the future
Return to Top
Subject: career question
From: Robert Miller
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 10:57:14 -0400
Hello all, I'm a student taking geology at UNB, and thinking about the
future (namely a career). I'm thinking about switching into
environmental geochemistry, to give me more flexibilty, with a lot of
experience with the chemistry as well as geology.
I've read that people in this field need to be flexible, with a lot of
subjects in their education, particularly biology. Is this true? Are
there other areas that I should focus on (besides geology and
chemistry)? And are there specific areas within those (like within
biology, study microorganisms)? And would a few courses in soils be of
much help?
Any input on this would be much appreciated. Thanks in advance,
Travis Gagne
Return to Top
Subject: Re: What is the mass of the earth?
From: Manley.Hubbell@hubert.rain.com (Manley Hubbell)
Date: 07 Nov 96 07:04:01
From: SHANE PIKE   Ask geophysists
      S Krueger           Roughly 6 x 10^27 grams. 
 skrueger@arco.com (S Krueger) says:                (Gmm/r^2)
S Krueger  wrote:       > Simple physics,  
(Gmm/r^2).
From: Frank_Hollis-1@sbphrd.com.see-sig      G it's then trivial
ba137@lafn.org (Brian Hutchings)             a spherical argument
gerard@hawaii.edu (Gerard Fryer) says:      !...  I wonder,
news@lafn.org                         From masses and distances,you can 
get G.
russ@seismo.demon.co.uk (Russ Evans)                         the 
hardest part
                         10^40   GALAXY = 15E10 SUNs
                         10^30  Sun    =330,000 earths
                       1x10^24  MOON =73trillionTERAgram
                       1x10^18
tera                   1x10^12       two or 3 ships
mega                   1x10^6      tonne  small car
1/28.35 Oz         1.  1x10^0  GRAM  5c US coin = 5gm
deci     1x10^-1
centi    1x10^-2
milli    1x10^-3                a drop of water = 50 mg's
micro    1x10^-6                an amoeba  5 micrograms
nano     1x10^-9                a liver cell 2 nanograms
pico     1x10^-12  
femto    1x10^-15     
atto     1x10^-18                tobacco-mosaic virus = 66 attogram
           10^-21
           10^-24                 proton 1.66 x10^-24
           10^-27                 electron  9 x 10^-28 gm
 Earth Mass   = 5.98e24 kg       
 Earth Radius = 6.37e6 m         
 Moon Mass   = 7.36e22 kg        
 Moon Radius = 1.74e6 m          
 Dist. earth to moon = 3.82e10 m 
_________________________________________________________
From: David.Reeder@dartmouth.edu (David Reeder)
, G is known to the least precision.
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Three Mars Missions to Launch in Late 1996
From: msagara@rainbow.rmii.com (Martin Sagara)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 16:27:18 GMT
Ragman (ragman@cybercom.net) wrote:
: jbartlo@ouchem.chem.oakland.edu (Joseph Bartlo) wrote:
: >Interesting.  This is not especially appropriate for this
: >newsgroup, but perhaps others have wondered the same thing.
: >What has prevented a human Mars landing similar to Apollo
: >11 ?
: >Does anyone have info regarding that ?
: >Joseph
: I think the reason there has been no manned mission to Mars has a lot
: more to do with lack of funding than lack of technology.
In addition, there are still some unanswered biomedical questions.  But
there are certainly no technological barriers.  The quote from the
movie "The Right Stuff" says it all:  "No bucks, No Buck Rogers".
Martin Sagara                                "Never before have so many,
Research Associate                            understood so little,
Wings Over The Rockies Air and Space Museum   about so much"
Hangar No. 1, Old Lowry AFB
Denver, Colorado  USA                         James Burke speaking about
(303) 360-5360                                technology in "Connections"
http://www.abwam.com/air&space;
msagara@rmii.com
Return to Top
Subject: oops!!!Re: career question
From: Robert Miller
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 11:42:42 -0400
Sorry, I wrote that message, this computer is screwed! Please just post 
any replies, as I can't seem to set this to post under my ID. Sorry.
Return to Top
Subject: A Great Offer of a Geographic Information System
From: nac@zap.io.org (The International NAC Society)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 11:08:48 -0500
===============================================================================
|                                                                             |
|       Great News!                                                           |
|                                                                             |
|       You can buy a US$999 GIS with only US$39 before Nov. 20, 1996!        |
|                                                                             |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|  Contents                                                                   |
|                                                                             |
|  Introduction                                                               |
|  Major features                                                             |
|  Discount information                                                       |
|  Order information                                                          |
===============================================================================
Introduction
   NAC Geographic Products Inc. has developed a geographic information system 
   called NACGIS Version 2.0 for Windows 95 and Windows NT, which has 
   implemented the great invention: the Natural Area Coding System.  Based on 
   the Natural Area Coding System, NACGIS has introduced a ten-character 
   Universal Geographic Identity for every geographic object in the world.  No 
   matter what size it is.  Every geographic object in the world from a 
   continent to a parking meter can be statistically uniquely identified by its
   Universal Geographic Identity (UGID).
Major features:
   1. Automatic assignment of UGID's to all geographic objects.
   2. Automatic links between a graphic object in the map file and its 
      associated document in the document database.  You can use both text 
      searching and mouse clicking on the graphic object to retrieve the 
      document for reading and editing.
   3  Supports transparency which allows you draw transparent graphic objects 
      with all pictures underneath shown in a mixed color.
   4. Graphics editor's features:
      a) Drawing tools:
         NACGIS Version 2.0 procides two sets of drawing tools: 
          i)  Mouse direct drafting on the screen with your specified default
              line color, line type, line thickness, brush color, brush 
              pattern, font type, font size, font color, layer number, etc. 
         ii)  Graphic object set-up dialog boxes to create accurate pictures.  
              The dialog boxs allow you input exact coordinates for polyline 
              nodes and polygon vertices and layer number, text escapement 
              angle, layer number, specify whether it is a polyline or smooth 
              curve and a polygon or an area, whether it is transparent, and 
              set up pen, brush and font parameters.  You can insert or delete 
              nodes or vertices at any location of a polyline or a polygon.  
              A polyline, polygon, simple picture or a group picture can be 
              converted to each other by simply clicking a botton on the dialog
              boxes.   
         NACGIS Version 2.0 can draw polylines, curves, polygons, areas, simple
         pictures (ractangle, circle, ellipse, regular polygons, stars, etc.), 
         text objects, bitmap objects and group pictures (from an art gallery 
         database).
      b) Manipulation tools:
         NACGIS Version 2.0 provides the following graphic objects manipulation
         tools:
         i)  Mouse and arrow keys direct draging and resizing
        ii)  Manipulation dialog box which allows you move an graphic object or
             a group of graphic objects a specified distance or to a specified
             location, exactly stretch it in x- and/or y-directions, rotate it 
             a specified angle arround a specified pivot, and mirror it in x- 
             and/or y-directions with a specified symetric center.
       iii)  Alignment dialog box which allows you align a group of graphic
             objects to the left, center, right, top, middle, bottom.
        iv)  Group objects tool which allows you to create group pictures (only
             one set of a group picture's data will be stored in the memory 
             but can be shown in as many places as you want, which will greatly
             simplify your drawing and save memory). Once the group picture is
             created, you can also add it to the art gallery database of the
             software for later use. 
         v)  Delete, Erase All, Undo, Cut, Copy and Paste tools
        vi)  Grid generator which can automatically generate the appropriate 
             level of the NAC grids.
   5. Map viewing tools
      NACGIS Version 2.0 provides the following map viewing tools:
         i)  Theme layers dialog box allows you select the visible layers for 
             the current map.  It can store 120 different theme layers.
        ii)  Zoom In and Zoom Out tools allows you zoom in as many time as you 
             want and zoom back to the origanal picture.
       iii)  Split panes of a winow, multiple windows of a document and 
             multiple windows of multiple documents.  NACGIS Version 2.0 allows
             you to view different parts of a map in different panes or 
             windows, view different scales in different panes, and
             compare different maps in different windows.
        iv)  Display of the cursor's coordinates in Longitude/Latitude, UTM and
             NAC simultaneously on the status bar of the frame window.
         v)  Coordinate systems
             NACGIS Version 2.0 supports three types of coordinate systems: 
             Longitude/Latitude system, UTM system and user-defined system.  
             You can import a map file in one coordinate system and export it 
             in another system (Longitude/Latitude <=> UTM).
        vi)  Window setting
             You can set the scroll window size, window background color, the 
             coordinates of the top left corner of the window and suitable 
             scale to create the best view for the map. 
   6. Document editor's features
      NACGIS Version 2.0 also provides a powerful document editor which allows 
      you to read and edit the attached document of a graphic object.  The 
      attached document is named by the UGID of a geographic object, which can 
      cantain text contents with all kinds of fonts, font styles, sizes and 
      colors, bitmaps, and all other objects created by OLE servers such as 
      Excel Charts and Worksheets.
   7. Help file
      NACGIS Version 2.0 provides a powerful help system which has the 
      following features:
         i)  Context help
             Whenever you need help for a dialog or a menu command, you can get
             the help topic immediately by pressing F1.  You can also press the
             button with an arrow and a question mark on the toolbar and the 
             move the cursor to the item about which you need help and
             click the left button of the mouse to get the help topic.
        ii)  Tooltips
             NACGIS Version 2.0 provides tooltips for all menu commands and 
             buttons.  When you move the cursor to a toolbar button, you will 
             see a yellow box with simple help text beside the cursor and a 
             bit more detail help text on the status bar of the frame window.  
       iii)  Topics, index and word search
             NACGIS Version 2.0 allows you to search help content by topics, 
             index and simply a word.
   8. Print, print preview and printer set-up
      NACGIS Version 2.0 provides you all the useful features for print, print 
      preview and printer set-up.  It allows you print black/while or color 
      map, and a large map into small pieces which can be connected together 
      to get a large map.  You can also print any part of a map if you set the 
      window size, the coordinates of the top left corner of the window and the
      appropriate scale of the map. 
   9. Support of file types
      NACGIS Version 2.0 mainly support its own map document files with the
      extension ".nac". However, it can import and export three types of text
      files: lists of polyline nodes coordinates, lists of polygon vertices
      coordinates and lists of text objects (text contents, insert point
      coordinates and escapement angle).  In the future vertions, we will add
      dxf files.  NAC Geographic Products Inc. also provides you various map
      documents at good prices.
Discount information
   NAC Geographic Products Inc. would like to offer you a special discounted
   price for the license of using NACGIS Version 2.0.  The standard price for
   the license for a single person using NACGIS Version 2.0 in one computer is
   US$999.  If you are using the software at home for non-business purposes,
   you can get 50% discount.  Once you have bought one license of the software,
   you will get a 80% discount for the license for a future version of the same
   sfotware. There is a special discount price now. If you buy the license 
   before November 20, 1996, you need to pay only US$39 + US$5 shipping fee 
   ( + 7% GST if in you are in Canada).  After then, the price will rise 
   everyday (about US$5.3 a day) until it reaches US$999.
Ordering information
   You can order the license by sending us the international money order
   (or a check if you are in Canada) or tell us the information of the VISA
   credit card (Credit card number, holder's name, expiration date and issuing
   bank name). The price is determined by the date you send out your order. 
   If you use credit card, you can also order it through Email, fax or phone.
   Please include the exact name, company, address, phone, fax, email for each
   licesee because the name and address will be embedded into the software.
   Our address is
                  NAC Geographic Products Inc.
                  509-50 Stephanie Street
                  Toronto, ON M5T 1B3
                  Canada
                  NAC: 8CHK  Q87P
                  Phone and fax: (416) 979 9306
                  Email:         nac@io.org
                  Web:           http://www.io.org
If you are doing land planning, NACGIS will be your great assistant!
If you are working on transportation, NACGIS will be your first assistant!
If you are managing natural resources, NACGIS will provide you the convenience!
If you are working on environment protection, NACGIS will be your power tool!
If you are doing marketing, NACGIS will give you extra hands, eyes and ears!
If you are managing real estate, NACGIS will let you get rid of tedious work!
If you like fishing, NACGIS will help you record the best fishing spots!
If you are a bird watcher, NACGIS will tell you where birds live and move to!
If you are learning geography, NACGIS will be your helpful teaching assistant!
Return to Top
Subject: Re: Coriolis effect and creeper plants
From: Frank_Hollis-1@sbphrd.com.see-sig (Triple Quadrophenic)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 16:05:46 GMT
In article , 
s1045099@iplabs.ins.gu.edu.au (s1045099@iplabs.ins.gu.edu.au) says...
>
>In article  hatunen@netcom.com (DaveHatunen) 
write
>s:
>
>>Coriolis effect is negligible at the scale of your typical creeper. it
>>is far more likely due to most of the vines having a common genetic
>>background.
>
>That's what I thought too.  But what made me wonder was the fact that all 
the 
>different  species I found were climbing in the same anticlockwise 
>direction.  If they all share a common genetic background then it may be 
>explained by that, but I saw creepers that look quite different and perhaps 
do 
>not share a common genetic background.  It would be very interesting to 
know 
>if there is a standard direction in other regions, where there is a 
different 
>predominating species.  In particular, I'd like to know what direction they 
>spiral up in the Northern hemisphere.
>Think I'll hit the library.
>Scott
>
If creepers have a preferred direction then it's more likely to be that they 
follow the sun around during the day. That goes anticlockwise in your 
hemisphere. Having a perfect set of black fingers (the only person in the 
universe who can kill spider plants) I've no idea what way round creepers in 
the northern hemisphere grow.
-- 
-- BEGIN NVGP SIGNATURE Version 0.000001
Frank J Hollis, Mass Spectroscopy, SmithKline Beecham, Welwyn, UK
Frank_Hollis-1@sbphrd.com         or        fjh4@tutor.open.ac.uk
 These opinions have not been passed by seven committes, eleven
sub-committees, six STP working parties and a continuous improvement
 team. So there's no way they could be the opinions of my employer.
Return to Top
Subject: Earth's rotation and its effect on tree grains
From: Russ Grossman
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 10:37:32 -0700
I'm not sure that there might not be a beter news group to post 
this.  If so, please feel free to comment.  I posted here because
this looked like the most active earth science's related conference.
Have you ever noticed a fallen tree whose bark has been weathered
away.  The grains of the wood spiral up the tree trunk.  I like
to think that this is related to the fact that the earth turns.
In the morning the tree faces the rising sun much like a sunflower
and then follows it throughout the day.  This daily rhythm results
in the spiral pattern so prevelant in plant life.
What I'm interested in is whether there is anything in the
earth sciences literature to support this interpreation of
the spiral grain in trees.  I also thought there might be
biomechanical explanation.
Regards,
Russ
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Subject: [LOCAL] Houston Pot. Fld. Mtg. 11-21-96
From: campbell@neosoft.com (Chuck Campbell)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 18:35:27 GMT
                               ANNOUNCEMENT
         Houston Society of Potential Fields Geophysicists Meeting
 Date:        Thursday, November 21, 1996
 Time:        5:30 - Social Hour, 6:30 - Dinner, 7:30 - Talk
 Location:    Hess Building, 3121 Buffalo Speedway
 Cost:        $20.00
 Topic:       Constrained Gravity interpretation in the major sedimentary
              basins of Venezuela.
 Speaker:     Victor Graterol
 Reservation: Please respond by Nov. 19th to:
	      Chuck Campbell, ACCEL Services, Inc.
	      campbell@neosoft.com, or 713-993-0671
 Abstract:
In the evaluation of sedimentary basins with extensive gravity and magnetic 
coverage , but with limited seismic data, the integrated interpretation of 
the three types  of geophysical information is strictly necessary to establish 
not only the possible potential of the basin, but also to define the follow 
up exploration program.
Constrained Gravity interpretation is the key to establishing basin potential. 
Control points coming from the limiting existing seismic data and direct 
information from wells and geological surface maps, can be employed to obtain 
regional and residual constrained maps that permit a more adequate quantitative 
gravity modeling method for outlining the main existing geological structures  
in the basin. The final composite structural interpreted map showing the top of 
the main density interface ,  also permit the optimum design for the location 
of the eventual follow seismic program.
Examples of constrained gravity interpretation for specific areas within the 
Eastern Venezuelan , Guarumen and Maracaibo basins are  presented to illustrate 
this approach in the interpretation of potential field data.
 Biography:
Victor graduated in 1962 as a Mining Engineer at the Universidad Central De 
Venezuela, he started as a Production Engineer at the Creole Petroleum Corp. 
(Lagoven S.A.).  From 1965 to 1967 he was a member of the Geophysics Department 
of the Ministry of Energy and Mines of the Republic of Venezuela. Between 1967 
and 1969 he was a graduate student at the University of Toronto in Canada where 
he finished his M.Sc. In Geophysics.
Back in Venezuela he became head of the Geophysics Department at the MEM and 
started his academic career as Instructor at the Universidad Central de 
Venezuela. In 1974, as a member of the Physics Department of the Simon Bolivar
University, he developed the former Geophysics Section that today is the 
Earth Science Department, part of Engeneering Geophysics at this prestigious 
institution. Victor has over 30 years experience in Potential Methods 
concentrated in acquisition, processing and interpretation of gravity-magnetic
surveys. He classified and evaluated over a half a million gravity land, marine 
and airborne stations that form today the USB-Venezuela gravity data base.
At present he is an international consulting potential field geophysicist
interpreter doing work for companies such as Carson Services - Aerogravity
Division and First Exchange Corp. He is a member of the SOVG and SEG.
-- 
ACCEL Services, Inc.| Specialists in Gravity, Magnetics |  1(713)993-0671 ph.
1980 Post Oak Blvd. |   and Integrated Interpretation   |  1(713)960-1157 fax
    Suite 2050      |                                   |
 Houston, TX, 77056 |          Chuck Campbell           | campbell@neosoft.com
                    |  President & Senior Geoscientist  |
     "Integration means more than having all the maps at the same scale!"
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Subject: Acetate Peels
From: ti-2g-er@juno.com (Kate L. Pickle)
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1996 19:29:58 GMT
I'm trying to find a quick and dirty procedure for creating acetate
peels of carbonate rocks.  I go to school in an oceanography program,
so the geology resources aren't that great.  I'm hoping tha someone
out there might be able to help me out.  Thanks in advance
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Subject: 7 November, PLutonium Day is the only future holiday
From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Date: 7 Nov 1996 21:51:37 GMT
In the future there is no other holiday, just one, plutonium day. It
comes 7 November, today.
Unlike the other useless holidays of bygone days, of Xmass of
commercial crap. Of Easter silliness of an Easter bunny and painted
eggs. Of New Years get drunk and useless fireworks. Of National
holidays and a nation is born false allegiances, of presidents day, of
memorial day glorifying war and dying and politicians of dubious merit.
 Or past holidays of yore of wasteful libations or animal slaughter or
virgin sacrifice. All of these holidays worship or praise or celebrate
things of non-importance. Holidays should be pragmatic, should be spent
with time and energy from the soul of a person. Such as a poem.
This year 1996 I celebrate PLutonium Day with a poem of things recently
on my mind. Here is the poem. You too can write a poem for this years
Plutonium Day.
                      PLutonium Day 7NOV1996
     This is Autumn 1996 and
     College bell goes ding-dong-ding
     Progress came on Earth with
     the One Plutonium Atom Everything
     Rejoice studious young woman,
     young man in your youth
     the One Atom Whole is the truth
     Praise the Atom O blessed youth
     See it under the microscope
     And simultaneously in the telescope
     Humanity, one lifeform among
     many others in thy 5f6
     The many advanced aliens pulse
     with their pulsar ping
     Grant us vision and wisdom
     231 P  U
     in thy One Atom Universe
     Plutonium Everything
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Byron Palmer